Science & Technology in News — July 2026

471 science & tech, for Prelims revision. Each links to its full note.

Schemes Places Reports & indices Environment & species Acts & bills International organisations Institutions & bodies Constitution Persons & appointments

El Niño conditions are cited as a primary driver for below-normal monsoon rainfall forecasts. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Y-DNA haplogroup R1a-Z93 is a genetic marker associated with North Indian elite communities · 31 Jul · GS1 · note
Pacific Ring of Fire: A major zone of active volcanoes and seismic activity in the Pacific Ocean. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Sulphate aerosols: Volcanic particles that scatter solar radiation, leading to atmospheric cooling. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Devitalized eggs were used as a safe training medium to prevent pest dispersal. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Claude is an AI model developed by the company Anthropic. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Autonomous AI agents are software products designed to perform tasks independently. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Capture-the-flag (CTF) exercises are used to test a model's ability to find hidden information in simulated networks. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Iron fertilization is a geoengineering technique aimed at stimulating phytoplankton growth to sequester atmospheric CO2. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Anthropic is an AI safety and research company known for the Claude LLM. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Unauthenticated endpoints and weak passwords are common vulnerabilities in production infrastructure. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Drones are being utilized for high-precision mapping of land boundaries and multi-storey building floors. · 31 Jul · GS2 · note
Lepidoptera is the order of insects that includes butterflies and moths. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Scientific Reports: A peer-reviewed open-access journal published by Nature Portfolio. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
The project includes a partnership with the National University of Singapore for Tamil computing tools. · 31 Jul · GS3 · note
Antrim Shale: A geological formation where 11,000-year-old underground water was sampled. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
ISME Journal: The publication where the study on subsurface fungi and carbon cycling was released. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
Gemini Robotics 2: An AI model by Google DeepMind for controlling humanoid robots. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
Vision Language Models (VLMs): AI models that process both visual and textual information for reasoning. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
ASIMOV-Agentic: A safety framework introduced by Google to measure safety in collaborative robot control. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
Starship is a fully reusable spacecraft and rocket system developed by SpaceX. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are aircraft without a human pilot on board, controlled remotely or autonomously. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
Miniaturization in defence refers to reducing the size of electronic components while maintaining power and functionality. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
Hugging Face: A popular platform for hosting and sharing machine learning models and datasets. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
OpenAI: An AI research and deployment company known for developing large language models. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
Kavach is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
Machilipatnam is an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) vessel designed for coastal operations. · 30 Jul · GS3 · note
Computer-based testing (CBT) is a primary technological intervention for exam integrity. · 30 Jul · GS2 · note
Gardasil is a vaccine manufactured by Merck used to prevent HPV · 30 Jul · GS2 · note
NISAR: A joint NASA-ISRO mission using dual-frequency radar for Earth observation. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
SweepSAR: A specific acquisition technology used in radar imaging. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Project Kusha: A DRDO initiative focused on long-range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) systems. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
iMEx-2026: An ISRO initiative to establish a sustainable microgravity research ecosystem in India. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Legionnaires’ disease: A respiratory infection caused by Legionella bacteria. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Zero-day vulnerability: A software security flaw unknown to the vendor. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Hugging Face: An independent platform and community for machine learning and AI models. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
SHetA2: A small molecule therapy targeting HPV-E7 protein connection. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
ICMR-NICPR: The body responsible for the development of the SHetA2 therapy. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Small molecule therapies: Chemically manufactured, low-weight compounds easily absorbed by the body. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are linked to increased pesticide resilience in honey bees. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Acetylcholinesterase activity is a key metabolic indicator for pesticide stress in insects. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Policyholders’ Education and Protection Fund: A new initiative by IRDAI to enhance consumer awareness and safeguards. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Meta's content moderation systems utilize AI-powered automated filters to review and flag content. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Qdenga: A dengue vaccine administered in two doses, not recommended for children under 6 or adults over 60. · 29 Jul · GS2 · note
Rising global temperatures are directly linked to the increased frequency and severity of European wildfires. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Superconducting toroidal-field magnets are used to confine plasma in fusion reactors. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Nuclear fusion involves combining light atomic nuclei to release energy, unlike nuclear fission. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
GRACE: Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites used to measure changes in Earth's gravity field. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Geoid: A model of the Earth's surface of equal gravitational potential. · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Ballistic missiles: Projectiles that follow a suborbital curved trajectory. · 29 Jul · GS2 · note
Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) include cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Copyright strikes: Automated mechanisms used by platforms to remove content allegedly violating Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). · 29 Jul · GS3 · note
Patriot missile system: A surface-to-air missile (SAM) system designed to engage tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and aircraft. · 29 Jul · GS2 · note
Embankment breaches and hill excavation are cited as key drivers of flood severity. · 28 Jul · GS3 · note
Vikram-1: India's first privately developed orbital-class rocket launched by Skyroot Aerospace. · 28 Jul · GS3 · note
Open Secure AI Alliance: A coalition of 35+ tech companies including Nvidia, Microsoft, and IBM. · 28 Jul · GS3 · note
Hugging Face: A major platform for machine learning and AI model hosting. · 28 Jul · GS3 · note
The Copernicus Programme is a European Union initiative providing satellite imagery for Earth observation. · 28 Jul · GS3 · note
AI-dedicated capacity is expected to expand nearly 24-fold by 2030 · 28 Jul · GS3 · note
J-20: A stealth multi-role fighter aircraft developed and operated by the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). · 27 Jul · GS2 · note
AMCA: India's indigenous project to develop a multi-role stealth fighter aircraft. · 27 Jul · GS2 · note
Genomic analysis: Used to distinguish between closely related subspecies and distinct species. · 27 Jul · GS3 · note
Singularity: A hypothetical point where AI surpasses human intelligence and becomes difficult for humans to control or reverse. · 27 Jul · GS3 · note
ISS: A modular space station in low Earth orbit for scientific research and long-duration human spaceflight. · 27 Jul · GS3 · note
Adaptive Traffic Signal Control Systems use real-time data to adjust signal timings based on traffic flow. · 27 Jul · GS3 · note
AIC-AMTZ MediValley: A collaborative initiative to foster medical technology innovation · 27 Jul · GS3 · note
Patriot Missile: A surface-to-air missile system used by the US for intercepting short, medium, and long-range rockets and missiles. · 27 Jul · GS2 · note
p-tau217: A protein biomarker used in blood tests to detect early-stage Alzheimer's disease. · 26 Jul · GS3 · note
MRI scans and cognitive assessments remain standard diagnostic tools alongside new biomarker tests. · 26 Jul · GS3 · note
Generative AI models (e.g., ChatGPT, Gemini) use Large Language Models (LLMs) to process and predict text based on user inputs. · 26 Jul · GS3 · note
Data privacy in AI involves 'Inference Attacks' where models deduce private attributes not explicitly shared by the user. · 26 Jul · GS3 · note
AI-powered platform uses satellite data and predictive analytics for flood forecasting · 26 Jul · GS3 · note
Nepal's NID card includes biometric data: fingerprints, facial imagery, and iris patterns. · 26 Jul · GS2 · note
Open-weight AI models: Models where the weights (parameters) are publicly available for download and local deployment. · 26 Jul · GS2 · note
Frontier models: State-of-the-art AI models capable of performing complex tasks at a scale that may pose significant safety risks. · 26 Jul · GS2 · note
Micro-irrigation: Water-efficient techniques like drip and sprinkler irrigation to optimize water use. · 25 Jul · GS3 · note
Anthropic: An American AI safety and research company known for the Claude large language model. · 25 Jul · GS3 · note
Nature Communications: A peer-reviewed open-access journal covering all of science. · 25 Jul · GS3 · note
Starship: A fully reusable spacecraft and rocket system developed by SpaceX. · 25 Jul · GS3 · note
Starlink: A satellite constellation project by SpaceX to provide global internet access. · 25 Jul · GS3 · note
Artemis Programme: NASA's lunar exploration program aimed at returning humans to the Moon. · 25 Jul · GS3 · note
GPT-5.6 Sol: An advanced AI model used by OpenAI for autonomous agent capabilities. · 25 Jul · GS3 · note
The project is India's first interlinking of rivers project · 25 Jul · GS3 · note
IT 2.0 and Gen-Z post offices are specific initiatives for digital transformation and youth-centric services. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
Proposed reforms include micro-fire stations and smart technology integration for real-time emergency response · 24 Jul · GS1 · note
Unlisted Securities: Shares of companies not listed on a stock exchange, now proposed for inclusion in PMS portfolios. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
Bitchat is an offline messaging application designed to function without active internet connectivity. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
OpenAI: Developer of ChatGPT, a large language model (LLM) based on the GPT architecture. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
Agentic AI: AI systems capable of autonomous reasoning and multi-step task orchestration to achieve specific goals. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
EDA Tools: Software used to automate the design of integrated circuits (ICs) and printed circuit boards (PCBs). · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
Moon cement: Construction material developed using lunar and Martian soil simulants. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
ISS: International Space Station, a modular space station in low Earth orbit. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
LLMs (Large Language Models) are AI models trained on massive datasets to generate human-like text. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
Nicotiana benthamiana: A plant species used in biotechnology as a host for producing recombinant proteins. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV): A plant virus used as a vector for protein expression in plant-based systems. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
Kusha: A Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) developed by DRDO · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) uses AI algorithms to map facial features and match them against pre-existing databases. · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
Nuclear power: A key component of India's goal to achieve net-zero emissions · 24 Jul · GS3 · note
Hugging Face: A popular open-source platform and community for machine learning and AI models. · 23 Jul · GS3 · note
Russian crude oil: India remains a major importer of Russian oil despite Western sanctions. · 23 Jul · GS3 · note
Distillation: A technique where a smaller 'student' model learns to replicate the outputs of a larger 'teacher' model. · 23 Jul · GS2 · note
Mahe-class: A series of vessels designed for Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) and surveillance. · 23 Jul · GS3 · note
Skyroot Aerospace: India's first private company to launch a rocket into space. · 23 Jul · GS3 · note
Payloads: Cosmoserve's Embrace and Grahaa Space's SOLARAS were part of the Vikram-1 mission. · 23 Jul · GS3 · note
AI tools and e-DAR (Electronic Data Acquisition and Reporting) platform were used to identify high-risk road corridors. · 23 Jul · GS3 · note
The Strait of Hormuz is a critical maritime route for global oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG) shipments. · 23 Jul · GS2 · note
Mahe-class: Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) vessels designed for coastal defense. · 23 Jul · GS3 · note
AEW&C-MKII: A platform designed to provide early warning and control capabilities to the Indian Air Force. · 23 Jul · GS3 · note
Airbus A321: A narrow-body aircraft used as the base platform for the AEW&C-MKII modification. · 23 Jul · GS3 · note
OGWs (Over Ground Workers) are individuals who provide logistical support, intelligence, and local navigation to militant groups. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Acoustic restoration: The use of underwater soundscapes to encourage marine life settlement in degraded habitats. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Hugging Face: A popular open-source platform for machine learning and AI model hosting. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
GPT-5.6 Sol: An AI model developed by OpenAI capable of independent system penetration. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW): A carbon sequestration technique using crushed silicate rocks like basalt. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Bicarbonate ions: The chemical form of carbon produced by rock weathering that eventually enters the ocean. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope: A major astronomical observatory used for the discovery of these moons. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Early earthquake detection seismometers are integrated into the rail infrastructure for disaster mitigation. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Section 301: A U.S. trade law allowing the government to impose tariffs/penalties on countries engaging in unfair trade practices. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Human-in-the-loop: A model where AI assists in decision-making but human oversight remains the final authority. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Generative AI and co-pilot models are used to execute actions and adapt based on real-time engineering results. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Geo-engineering: The project aims to mitigate sea-level rise by physically obstructing warm water currents. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Fable: An AI model developed by Anthropic used for complex mathematical reasoning. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
SymPy: A Python library for symbolic mathematics used in verifying mathematical proofs. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Lean: A functional programming language and theorem prover used for formal verification of mathematical proofs. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Tide gauge data and climate model simulations were used to identify the shift in flood frequency. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Aadhaar authentication is being utilized as a security measure for Tatkal ticket bookings. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
FT-CFCs: Food Testing and Certification Centers are essential for ensuring food safety and quality standards. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
iNaturalist and eBird: Citizen science platforms used for biodiversity monitoring and species identification. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
GLOF (Glacial Lake Outburst Flood) occurs when a lake formed by melting glaciers bursts, releasing a sudden flood. · 22 Jul · GS3 · note
Nuclear centrifuges: Machines used to enrich uranium by spinning it at high speeds. · 22 Jul · GS2 · note
Salivary cortisol is used as a biomarker to gauge individual physiological stress and risk factors. · 22 Jul · GS2 · note
Qdenga: India's first dengue vaccine, approved for use by Takeda Biopharmaceuticals India. · 21 Jul · GS2 · note
F-1 visa: The standard visa category for international students in the US. · 21 Jul · GS2 · note
J-1 visa: The visa category for exchange visitors and scholars in the US. · 21 Jul · GS2 · note
Warmer air holds more moisture, increasing the moisture-carrying capacity of air masses over the Himalayas. · 21 Jul · GS3 · note
Global Capability Centres (GCCs) are hubs for offshore technology and business process services. · 21 Jul · GS3 · note
NSQF: National Skills Qualifications Framework provides a standardized framework for qualifications and skills in India. · 21 Jul · GS3 · note
Hydrogen trains: Use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity for traction, producing zero tailpipe emissions. · 21 Jul · GS3 · note
Biochar: A charcoal-like substance produced by thermochemical decomposition of organic material (pyrolysis) in an oxygen-limited environment. · 21 Jul · GS3 · note
Oil supply disruption: The Strait of Hormuz facilitates approximately 20-30% of the world's total oil consumption. · 20 Jul · GS2 · note
Synthetic torpor: A state of induced low-metabolism (hibernation) to preserve human health during space travel. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
LHS 1140 b: An Earth-like rocky exoplanet located 48 light-years from Earth. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Habitable Zone: The orbital region around a star where liquid water can exist on a planet's surface. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Net Metering: A billing mechanism that allows consumers to export excess solar power to the grid and receive credits. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Japan's law classifies cryptocurrencies as financial assets under securities rules. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Negative Real Interest Rates: Occur when the inflation rate exceeds the nominal interest rate. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Prompt Injection: A technique where malicious instructions are embedded into user inputs to manipulate LLM outputs. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Context Bombing: A defensive mechanism that embeds noise or competing context to neutralize malicious prompts. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Phosphate levels in oceans are a key driver of marine productivity and carbon sequestration. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Higher sea levels (10-40 meters above current) correlate with reduced atmospheric CO2 due to phosphate trapping. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Erythrulose: A four-carbon sugar and a precursor for ribonucleotides (building blocks of RNA). · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Molecular Clouds: Vast regions of gas and dust in space where stars and planets are born. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Nanoplastics: Particles with dimensions ranging from 1 to 1,000 nanometers. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Mechanism: Nanoplastics enhance bacterial communication and structural reinforcement of biofilms. · 20 Jul · GS3 · note
Hydrogen trains utilize hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity for propulsion, offering a zero-emission alternative to diesel. · 19 Jul · GS3 · note
Vikram-1: India's first privately-built orbital rocket launched by Skyroot Aerospace. · 19 Jul · GS3 · note
LHS 1140 b: A rocky exoplanet located in the habitable zone of its host star. · 19 Jul · GS3 · note
Atmospheric Retention: LHS 1140 b has retained its atmosphere for at least 3 billion years. · 19 Jul · GS3 · note
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics: The research body that confirmed the planet's atmospheric composition. · 19 Jul · GS3 · note
Snow-albedo feedback: A process where melting snow exposes darker surfaces, increasing heat absorption and accelerating melting. · 19 Jul · GS3 · note
Elevation-Dependent Warming (EDW): A phenomenon where higher altitudes experience faster warming rates than lower elevations. · 19 Jul · GS3 · note
CBT: The NTA transitioned the NEET-UG 2026 exam to a Computer-Based Test format following security breaches. · 19 Jul · GS2 · note
Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS): Technology used to store excess solar energy for nighttime use · 19 Jul · GS3 · note
Mixshield technology: A specialized TBM technology used to stabilize tunnel faces in soft ground and underwater conditions. · 19 Jul · GS3 · note
The bureau includes a dedicated cyber intelligence wing utilizing redeployed IT experts · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Intruder Warning System: Technology deployed at border outposts to detect and alert authorities of unauthorized crossings. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Bioastronautics: The study of biological systems and human physiology in space environments. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Vikram-1: India's first privately developed orbital rocket launched by Skyroot Aerospace. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
SLV-3: India's first indigenous satellite launch vehicle, which placed the Rohini satellite in orbit in 1980. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
DTrack: A malware and cyber-espionage tool used in the 2019 breach of Indian nuclear networks. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Gaganyaan: India's first human spaceflight mission · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Prompt Injection: A technique where malicious instructions are embedded into user prompts to manipulate LLM outputs. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Tracebit: The research entity identifying the context bombing vulnerability and mitigation. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Deepfakes: Synthetic media in which a person in an existing image or video is replaced with someone else using artificial intelligence. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Skyroot Aerospace is a key private player aiming to launch India's first private orbital-class rocket. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Vikram-1 is a private orbital rocket developed by Skyroot Aerospace. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
F, J, and I visas: US visa categories for students, exchange visitors, and research scholars respectively · 18 Jul · GS2 · note
Rainwater harvesting: A technique to collect and store rainwater for later use or to recharge groundwater aquifers · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Hydrogen fuel cells: Power source for the first hydrogen-powered train in India. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Semaglutide: A GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonist used to treat obesity and metabolic disorders. · 18 Jul · GS2 · note
Dredging and weed removal are primary physical interventions used to restore lake bathymetry and water quality. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
AI Cell: A dedicated unit to leverage Artificial Intelligence for addressing infrastructure gaps and traffic congestion. · 18 Jul · GS2 · note
AI-powered pension advisory platform: Proposed to provide personalized investment advice and simplify pension management. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
AI application: Used for mapping and identifying heat-resistant coral reef structures. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
Oceansat-3A: A satellite designed for ocean observation and coastal monitoring by ISRO. · 18 Jul · GS3 · note
MH-60R Seahawk: A maritime variant of the Blackhawk helicopter designed for all-weather missions with advanced avionics. · 18 Jul · GS2 · note
Sanctions Waivers: Specific permissions granted by the US to allow Indian investment in Iranian infrastructure. · 18 Jul · GS2 · note
European Train Control System (ETCS): Signalling system used in India to ensure interoperability with Shinkansen trains. · 17 Jul · GS2 · note
LHS 1140b: A rocky exoplanet located in the habitable zone of a red dwarf star. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Observation: Helium was detected escaping the upper atmosphere in 2024 but was absent in 2025. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Orbital Period: The planet completes one orbit every 25 days. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Hydrogen-powered trains are utilized as a zero-emission transport technology to achieve decarbonization goals. · 17 Jul · GS2 · note
Modern mining technology allows for the extraction of gold from lower-grade deposits. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Deepfakes: Synthetic media where a person's likeness is replaced with someone else's using AI. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Voice Cloning: AI technology that mimics a specific individual's voice patterns to generate realistic speech. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
The 2027 Census introduces a dedicated online portal and mobile app for secure citizen registration. · 17 Jul · GS1 · note
Agentic AI: AI systems capable of autonomous goal-setting and multi-step workflow management. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Semiconductor Design: The process of creating the architecture and layout of integrated circuits (ICs). · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Innobox: An AI-based device using seismic sensors and radar to detect and deter elephants. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Vikram-1: India's first private orbital rocket developed by Skyroot Aerospace. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Skyroot Aerospace: Private Indian space-tech startup founded by ex-ISRO scientists. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
AI bots are being utilized by extremist groups to automate and scale the dissemination of disinformation. · 17 Jul · GS2 · note
M72/AS01E: A vaccine candidate specifically targeting Tuberculosis (TB). · 17 Jul · GS2 · note
White Rabbit Technology: A high-precision network protocol for sub-nanosecond time synchronization. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Climate Central is the organization responsible for the study published in July 2026. · 17 Jul · GS3 · note
Japan's F-35 Lightning II and Indonesia's T-50I Golden Eagle aircraft will debut in the 2026 edition. · 16 Jul · GS2 · note
eDNA: Environmental DNA refers to genetic material collected from the environment (air, water, soil) rather than from a specific organism. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Shotgun sequencing: A method of next-generation sequencing where all DNA fragments aresequenced simultaneously without prior knowledge of the genome. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
ANEEL: A thorium-based fuel deployable in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) without design changes · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Solar fencing: A method using solar-powered electricity to deter wildlife from agricultural lands. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Bio-fencing: Using natural barriers like thick vegetation or thorny plants to create wildlife boundaries. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Balance of Plant (BoP): Conventional facilities like cooling systems and water treatment, distinct from the nuclear reactor core · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Semiconductors: Essential components for modern electronics, requiring specialized gases and chemicals for fabrication · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
K2-18b: An exoplanet identified as a potential Hycean world (ocean-covered with hydrogen-rich atmosphere). · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array: A major radio astronomy observatory located in New Mexico, USA. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
MeerKAT: Aradio telescope array located in South Africa used for deep-space observations. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Technosignatures: Technological indicators of advanced civilizations, such as radio signals or laser pulses. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
OSM (On-Screen Marking): A digital evaluation process where scanned answer scripts are graded via computer interfaces · 16 Jul · GS2 · note
Hydrogen fuel cell technology: Converts hydrogen into electricity to propel vehicles, emitting only water vapor. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Hydrogen trains do not require continuous overhead electrification as electricity is generated onboard. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Soft robotics: A subfield of robotics involving robots constructed from compliant materials to mimic biological movements. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
IndiaAI Mission focus: Practical AI applications in banking, healthcare, and governance · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Strategic focus: Cost-effective AI solutions for local languages over frontier large language models · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Semiconductor (chip) manufacturing is a key focus area for reducing import dependence. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Uranium: Primary fuel source for nuclear fission in power generation · 16 Jul · GS2 · note
Muricatacin: A bioactive compound with documented anti-cancer properties. · 16 Jul · GS3 · note
Electric buses are utilized to align with the 'Green Delhi' initiative for carbon footprint reduction. · 16 Jul · GS2 · note
Gemini: Google's multimodal AI model capable of processing text, images, and code. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Generative AI: AI systems capable of creating new content (text, images, audio) based on patterns learned from massive datasets. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Agnikul Cosmos: A private Indian space-tech company based in Chennai · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Mission 02: Aims to achieve orbital rocket booster recovery and upper stage extension · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Albedo effect: Darker ice (soot/dust) absorbs more solar radiation than fresh snow, accelerating melt · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Ransomware: A type of malware designed to encrypt files and demand payment for their release. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Nino 3.4 anomaly: A key metric for El Niño monitoring measuring sea surface temperatures in the central equatorial Pacific. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): A climate phenomenon involving the difference in sea surface temperatures between the western and eastern parts of the Indian Ocean. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
El Niño: Characterized by the warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, often leading to erratic monsoon patterns in India. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Carbon feedback loops: Positive feedback occurs when a change in one variable (temperature) triggers a process that further amplifies that change (CO2 release). · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
GW250114: Gravitational wave signal confirming the black hole area law. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Hawking's Area Law: Predicts that the surface area of a black hole's event horizon cannot decrease over time. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
The US warned of intensifying attacks on Iranian power plants and bridges to pressure negotiations on the nuclear program. · 15 Jul · GS2 · note
Generative AI: Technology capable of creating new content (text, images, video) based on patterns learned from existing data. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
AGI (Artificial General Intelligence): AI capable of performing any intellectual task a human can do. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Ethanol is a biofuel derived from sugarcane, maize, and other biomass sources. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
ISS: International Space Station is a modular space station in low Earth orbit. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
The process utilizes a mobile registry network and biometric authentication for secure document verification. · 15 Jul · GS2 · note
RBI is actively promoting the adoption of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Interstellar Medium: The matter and radiation that exist inthe space between the densely-packed regions of stars. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Four-carbon sugars: Organic molecules that serve as fundamental building blocks for biological life. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Kinetic energy from river currents: A method of generating electricity without large-scale dam infrastructure. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
CBTC (Communication-Based Train Control): A signaling system used for high-frequency, automated train operations. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Vikram-1 is a rocket developed by Skyroot Aerospace, a private Indian space startup. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Mission Aagaman involves the deployment of private sector payloads into orbital spaceflight. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
International Space Station (ISS): A modular space station in low Earth orbit involving NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, and JAXA. · 15 Jul · GS3 · note
Nalam AI: A WhatsApp-based AI service for digital OP ticket generation and appointment booking. · 14 Jul · GS2 · note
Cruise missiles: Low-altitude, long-range missiles capable of traveling at speeds close to the speed of sound. · 14 Jul · GS2 · note
ISS: The International Space Station is a modular space station in low Earth orbit. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
Microgravity Research: Experiments include studying human physiology and manufacturing semiconductor crystals in space. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
Governance: The policy proposes a three-tier governance structure for health research. · 14 Jul · GS2 · note
ISP methodology: Utilizes GST and administrative data to measure services output without additional compliance burden. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) is a water-saving technique where seeds are sown directly into the field without transplanting. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
AI use in courts is permitted for administrative functions: case management, transcription, translation, and legal research. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
Solo algorithmic decision-making is prohibited under the draft SC AI Regulations 2026. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
Evaluating bail eligibility using AI is prohibited in 'absolute and non-derogable' terms. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
JWST: NASA's space telescope designed to observe the infrared universe and early galaxy formation. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
Nature-based solutions: Using floodplains and temporary storage areas to manage high river discharge. · 14 Jul · GS2 · note
Pickaxe Mountain: Suspected site for secret uranium-enrichment facilities. · 14 Jul · GS2 · note
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is a measure used in urban planning to determine the density of a building relative to the plot area. · 14 Jul · GS2 · note
El Niño: A climate pattern characterized by the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. · 14 Jul · GS1 · note
Gene therapy: A technique that modifies a person's genes to treat disease. · 14 Jul · GS2 · note
Macrolide antibiotics: A class of antibiotics used to treat various bacterial infections. · 14 Jul · GS2 · note
The initiative utilizes a gamified platform to teach AI knowledge and digital safety skills. · 14 Jul · GS2 · note
El Niño: A climate pattern characterized by the warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, often suppressing Indian monsoon rainfall. · 14 Jul · GS1 · note
CBG: Compressed Biogas is produced by fermenting organic waste like cow dung and agricultural residue. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
El Niño is a climate pattern characterized by the warming of surface waters in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. · 14 Jul · GS1 · note
FGD (Flue Gas Desulphurisation): A technology used to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) from the exhaust gases of coal-fired power plants. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
BS VI: The current emission standard for vehicles in India, requiring cleaner fuels and advanced emission control systems. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
Axiom-4: A private space mission involving the Axiom Space company and NASA. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
Bharatiya Antariksh Station: India's planned space station to be established in low Earth orbit. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
Thermal drone surveillance is being deployed to monitor wildlife movement in real-time. · 14 Jul · GS3 · note
Ballistic missiles are identified as a higher-priority threat than cruise missiles or drones due to their trajectory and speed. · 14 Jul · GS2 · note
Corsair: The specific model of unmanned surface vessel (USV) used by the US for this operation. · 13 Jul · GS2 · note
Perovskite solar cells: A next-generation photovoltaic technology using perovskite-structured compounds. · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
El Niño: A climate pattern characterized by the warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean. · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
Alleles: Alternative forms of a gene occupying the same locus on a chromosome. · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
William Bateson: British-Australian botanist who coined the term 'Alleles' in 1902. · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
F-35 Lightning II: A 5th-generation multirole fighter jet manufactured by Lockheed Martin. · 13 Jul · GS2 · note
S-400: A long-range surface-to-air missile system manufactured by Russia. · 13 Jul · GS2 · note
IPhO: International Physics Olympiad is a global competition for high school students. · 13 Jul · GS2 · note
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): A primary fuel source for various Indian industrial sectors · 13 Jul · GS2 · note
SMR (Small Modular Reactor): Nuclear fission reactors with power capacity typically below 300 MW. · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
Anchor: A 3D atlas of the human brainstem developed at IIT-Madras · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
Cyclonic circulation: A low-pressure area that causes heavy rainfall and localized weather disturbances. · 13 Jul · GS1 · note
Gaganyaan: India's first human spaceflight mission to send a crew to orbit. · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
Cold-gas-based system: Used in Gaganyaan to ensure upright positioning of the crew module post-splashdown. · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
ISRO: Space agency under the Department of Space, Ministry of Science and Technology. · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
Hydrogen fuel cell system: Converts hydrogen into electricity via chemical reaction, emitting only water vapour. · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
Project 17A frigates are designed as multi-mission platforms with advanced stealth and anti-submarine warfare capabilities. · 13 Jul · GS3 · note
The mission aligns with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2023. · 13 Jul · GS2 · note
MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor): A fixed-film activated sludge process used for wastewater treatment · 12 Jul · GS3 · note
Gaganyaan: India's first human spaceflight mission aimed at sending a crew of three to an orbit of 400 km. · 12 Jul · GS3 · note
Cold-gas-based uprighting system: A mechanism used to orient the spacecraft in an upright position after landing in water (splashdown). · 12 Jul · GS3 · note
ISRO: The space agency under the Department of Space, Ministry of Science and Technology. · 12 Jul · GS3 · note
Independent International Scientific Panel on AI: A 40-member body commissioned by the UN to assess AI safety. · 12 Jul · GS3 · note
Albendazole: An anthelmintic drug used to treat soil-transmitted helminth infections. · 12 Jul · GS2 · note
Quantum computing: Uses qubits to perform calculations that are exponentially faster than classical bits for specific complex problems. · 12 Jul · GS3 · note
Peptides: Short chains of amino acids that play crucial roles in biological processes and are key targets in drug discovery. · 12 Jul · GS3 · note
Soyuz MS-29: A Russian spacecraft used to transport crew to the International Space Station (ISS). · 12 Jul · GS3 · note
OHA-GEODAMS: A project utilizing in-situ instruments to monitor seafloor spreading and tectonic activity. · 12 Jul · GS1 · note
Project 17A: A class of stealth frigates designed for high-speed and advanced electronic warfare capabilities. · 12 Jul · GS3 · note
Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, emitting only water as a byproduct. · 12 Jul · GS3 · note
Chandrayaan-3 was India's lunar mission launched by ISRO. · 12 Jul · GS2 · note
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): A remote sensing technology used for high-precision 3D mapping and documentation of heritage sites. · 12 Jul · GS2 · note
Methane: A potent greenhouse gas produced by the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in landfills. · 11 Jul · GS3 · note
El Niño: Characterized by the weakening of trade winds and the warming of sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean. · 11 Jul · GS3 · note
Tianwen-2: China's asteroid probe mission launched to study and sample celestial bodies. · 11 Jul · GS3 · note
Crude oil price volatility directly impacts global inflation and trade deficits. · 11 Jul · GS2 · note
Long March-10B: A Chinese orbital rocket booster designed for reusable technology. · 11 Jul · GS2 · note
Biological control: The use of natural enemies (like parasitic wasps) to manage pest populations without chemical pesticides. · 11 Jul · GS3 · note
India Meteorological Department (IMD): National agency responsible for forecasting and warning of heavy rainfall and landslides · 11 Jul · GS3 · note
PlugX and ShadowPad: Specific malware families used in state-linked cyber espionage. · 11 Jul · GS2 · note
Caller ID platforms: Use crowdsourced user reports and databases to identify and flag spam calls. · 10 Jul · GS3 · note
Digital arrest scams and phishing are primary cyber-fraud categories identified by the government in this context. · 10 Jul · GS3 · note
Long March 10B: A Chinese reusable rocket designed for space exploration. · 10 Jul · GS3 · note
Reusable Rockets: Technology allowing rocket boosters to land and be reused, significantly reducing launch costs. · 10 Jul · GS3 · note
Jumpstart method: A conservation technique used to assist the hatching and survival of endangered species · 10 Jul · GS3 · note
Hydrogen fuel cells: Generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, emitting only water vapor. · 10 Jul · GS3 · note
Airbus and MTU Aero Engines: Key European aerospace entities involved in hydrogen aviation research. · 10 Jul · GS3 · note
GPT-5.6: The latest flagship AI model released by OpenAI. · 10 Jul · GS3 · note
OpenAI Model Tiers: Sol (flagship), Terra (mid-range), and Luna (low-cost). · 10 Jul · GS3 · note
Solar hours: Periods during the day when solar radiation is sufficient for photovoltaic power generation. · 10 Jul · GS2 · note
Plant wearables: Sensors powered by plant sweat to monitor physiological distress. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Stressors monitored: Water shortage, salinity stress, and disease. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Satellite phones connect directly to orbiting satellites rather than terrestrial cellular towers. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Meta: Parent company of WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
The declaration includes specific provisions for collaboration in defence science and technology. · 9 Jul · GS2 · note
BESS (Battery Energy Storage Systems) are critical for stabilizing renewable energy grids. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Heavy metals like arsenic, chromium, cobalt, lead, and tin are primary pollutants affecting pollinator biodiversity. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Uranium is a primary fuel source for nuclear fission in power generation · 9 Jul · GS2 · note
Key sectors identified for trade benefits include pharmaceuticals, electronics, and IT services. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
E20 fuel: A blend containing 20% ethanol and 80% petrol · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Flex-fuel engines: Designed to run on multiple fuel types including ethanol and gasoline · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Methanol: Identified as a potential alternative fuel for transportation and marine operations · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Climate change increases atmospheric moisture capacity, leading to more intense storm systems. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
NASA uses Earth observation satellites to monitor global ecosystem health and resilience. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
GPT-5.6: The most advanced AI model from OpenAI as of the current release cycle. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Terra and Luna: Lower-cost AI models released by OpenAI alongside GPT-5.6. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Grok 4.5: The leading AI model released by Elon Musk's SpaceXAI. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
The new EPFO portal is designed for digital tracking of PF interest and automated claim settlements. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Gold is used by central banks as a hedge against currency volatility and geopolitical risks. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Large Language Models (LLMs) are AI systems trained to understand and generate human-like text. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
AI-generated misinformation in healthcare can lead to incorrect self-diagnosis or clinical errors. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Planetary Protection: The protocol of preventing biological contamination between Earth and other celestial bodies. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
NASA: The primary US space agency involved in Mars sample return missions. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Pinaka LRGR: A long-range guided rocket system designed and developed by DRDO. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB): A geoengineering technique that involves spraying seawater into clouds to increase reflectivity. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
El Niño: A climate pattern characterized by the warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. · 9 Jul · GS3 · note
ATRS: Automatic Tray Retrieval System used to automate the movement of luggage trays in airport security check areas. · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
Patriot Missile System: A surface-to-air missile system designed to intercept short, medium, and long-range ballistic missiles. · 8 Jul · GS2 · note
Pinaka: A multi-barrel rocket launcher system developed by DRDO for long-range strikes. · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
FFVs: Internal combustion engine vehicles capable of running on multiple fuels (e.g., petrol + ethanol/methanol). · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
Fuel Composition Sensors: Used in FFVs to automatically adjust fuel injection and ignition timing. · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
Public Interest Litigation (PIL): A legal mechanism allowing any individual or group to file a petition in court for the protection of public interest. · 8 Jul · GS2 · note
Nitrogenase: Enzyme responsible for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
Molybdenum-based nitrogen fixation: A primary biochemical pathway for converting N2 to ammonia. · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
Cyanobacteria: Photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms capable of producing oxygen and electricity. · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
Bio-battery: A device that generates electricity from biological processes like photosynthesis or respiration. · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
Greenshoe Option: A clause in an underwriting agreement allowing underwriters to purchase more shares than initially agreed if the offer is oversubscribed. · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
Passive cooling techniques involve architectural designs that reduce heat gain without relying on mechanical air conditioning. · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
IoT (Internet of Things): A network of physical objects embedded with sensors and software to exchange data · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
BrahMos: A supersonic cruise missile developed jointly by India (DRDO) and Russia. · 8 Jul · GS2 · note
Astra Mk-1: An Indian-made beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile. · 8 Jul · GS2 · note
El Nino: A climate pattern characterized by the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. · 8 Jul · GS3 · note
Apophis is classified as a Near-Earth Object (NEO) and is expected to be visible to the naked eye in 2029. · 7 Jul · GS3 · note
Astra: An indigenous Indian air-to-air missile developed by DRDO. · 7 Jul · GS2 · note
BrahMos: A supersonic cruise missile developed jointly by India and Russia. · 7 Jul · GS2 · note
Semiconductors are the foundational components of modern electronics, including EVs and AI hardware. · 7 Jul · GS3 · note
El Niño: Oceanic-atmospheric phenomenon that can weaken monsoon circulation over inland regions like Delhi. · 7 Jul · GS1 · note
El Niño: A climate pattern involving the warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. · 7 Jul · GS3 · note
Mission Embrace: A technology demonstration for active debris removal (ADR) in orbit. · 7 Jul · GS3 · note
Skyroot Aerospace: An Indian private space startup involved in the Vikram-1 spacecraft launch. · 7 Jul · GS3 · note
Deep-sea mapping utilizes sound waves (acoustics) rather than light due to water opacity · 7 Jul · GS3 · note
Applications of seabed mapping: tsunami forecasting, submarine cable navigation, and deep-sea mining research · 7 Jul · GS3 · note
UPI (Unified Payments Interface) is a real-time payment system facilitating instant money transfers. · 7 Jul · GS3 · note
Vikram-1: A rocket designed by Skyroot Aerospace for orbital satellite placement. · 7 Jul · GS3 · note
Aagaman: The name of the maiden orbital mission by Skyroot Aerospace. · 7 Jul · GS3 · note
Artemis III: NASA mission designed to test technologies for future lunar landings. · 6 Jul · GS2 · note
Artemis IV: Scheduled for a lunar landing in 2028. · 6 Jul · GS2 · note
BrahMos: A supersonic cruise missile developed jointly by India (DRDO) and Russia (NPO Mashin). · 6 Jul · GS2 · note
LHC: World's largest particle accelerator used to study fundamental particles. · 6 Jul · GS3 · note
Geographical Indication (GI) is a sign used on products having a specific geographical origin and qualities/reputation due to that origin · 6 Jul · GS3 · note
Mi-172: A multi-purpose transport helicopter used for heavy-lift and medical evacuation. · 6 Jul · GS3 · note
Unmanned warfare systems and anti-drone technologies are prioritized for all three branches of the armed forces. · 6 Jul · GS3 · note
Project 17A: A class of stealth frigates designed to enhance the Indian Navy's maritime surveillance and combat capabilities. · 6 Jul · GS3 · note
UGRAM: An indigenously developed 7.62x51 mm rifle by Dvipa Defence and DRDO's ARDE. · 6 Jul · GS3 · note
INS Sanshodhak: A Survey Vessel Large (SVL) designed for hydrographic and oceanographic surveys. · 6 Jul · GS2 · note
The ship features embarked helicopter capability and can be configured for HADR (Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief) or as a hospital ship. · 6 Jul · GS2 · note
AI-powered surveillance: Uses machine learning to analyze large datasets like CCTV and digital footprints for real-time identification. · 6 Jul · GS3 · note
Lyophilised venom: A process of freeze-drying venom to preserve its potency for anti-venom production. · 5 Jul · GS2 · note
Hayabusa2: A Japanese spacecraft designed for asteroid exploration and sample return missions. · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
Torifune: A near-Earth asteroid used as a target for planetary defense flyby tests. · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
Technology cooperation is a primary pillar of the current bilateral discussions. · 5 Jul · GS2 · note
AgriStack: The digital platform required for farmer registration and Aadhaar authentication for scheme eligibility. · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
Last-mile delivery: The final leg of the supply chain from a distribution center to the end consumer · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
Shiv Shakti Point: The specific landing site of the Chandrayaan-3 mission. · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
Calcalong Creek meteorite: The first lunar meteorite discovered on Earth. · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
CCTS: Carbon Credit Trading System launched in 2023 to facilitate market-based emission reductions. · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
The CCTS aims to help India meet its national climate action goals through industrial compliance. · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
Hubble Space Telescope: An orbiting space telescope that has provided unprecedented views of distant galaxies. · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Designed to observe the infrared universe and study the first stars and galaxies. · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
Very Large Telescope (VLT): An array of four 8.2-meter telescopes located in the Atacama Desert, Chile, operated by the European Southern Observatory. · 5 Jul · GS3 · note
Ocean heat absorption is a primary driver of accelerated sea level rise linked to polar ice melt. · 4 Jul · GS3 · note
MEMU: Mainline Electric Multiple Unit trains are characterized by faster acceleration and lower carbon emissions compared to traditional diesel-hauled trains. · 4 Jul · GS2 · note
InSight: NASA lander designed to study the interior of Mars using seismology. · 4 Jul · GS3 · note
Mars lacks tectonic plates but possesses a complex interior magma system. · 4 Jul · GS3 · note
JF-17: A multi-role fighter jet jointly developed by China and Pakistan. · 4 Jul · GS2 · note
HQ-9: A long-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system manufactured by China. · 4 Jul · GS2 · note
Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) drugs: Medications containing two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients in a single dosage form. · 4 Jul · GS3 · note
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Urban planning that maximizes the amount of residential, business, and leisure space within walking distance of public transport. · 4 Jul · GS1 · note
BMS (Battery Management System) is the electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery's generation, status, and safety. · 4 Jul · GS3 · note
Speech-to-text AI: Technology used in judicial contexts to transcribe witness statements and court proceedings. · 4 Jul · GS3 · note
Stockholm Convention: International treaty aimed at eliminating or restricting Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). · 4 Jul · GS2 · note
Minamata Convention: International treaty designed to protect human health and the environment from mercury. · 4 Jul · GS2 · note
AI Hallucination: A phenomenon where Large Language Models (LLMs) generate plausible-sounding but factually incorrect or fabricated information. · 4 Jul · GS3 · note
Nord Locker: Encrypted application used by the module for secure data storage · 4 Jul · GS3 · note
Criticality: The state in which a nuclear reactor maintains a self-sustaining fission chain reaction. · 4 Jul · GS3 · note
AI Career Launchpad-2026: A state-led initiative focusing on industry-integrated AI training. · 3 Jul · GS2 · note
Synthetic milk production is a form of food adulteration involving non-dairy substances to mimic milk properties. · 3 Jul · GS2 · note
Bio-Lace technology: A microbial-based sewage treatment process that reduces BOD and TSS levels. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
NSUAS: Naval Shipborne Unmanned Aerial System designed for maritime surveillance. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
LBTF: Land Based Testing Facility specifically for Electric Propulsion Systems. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
B.Cyber. program: A four-year undergraduate degree launched by IIT Madras and IIT Kanpur. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
Energy drinks often contain high levels of caffeine and taurine, which are subject to safety limits. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
Aadhaar App: A mobile application providing self-service features for updating mobile numbers, addresses, and email IDs. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
El Niño: A climate pattern describing the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
The apps were identified as capable of remote battery management/disabling for e-rickshaws · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
Impacts of El Niño: Increased risk of droughts, heavy rainfall, and heatwaves in various global regions. · 3 Jul · GS1 · note
BepiColombo: A joint space mission by ESA (Europe) and JAXA (Japan) to study Mercury. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
IoT (Internet of Things): The underlying technology enabling remote vehicle management and potential cyber-vulnerabilities. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is used to create a secure, encrypted tunnel for internet traffic. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
CAR-T cell therapy: A type of immunotherapy that modifies a patient's T cells to attack cancer. · 3 Jul · GS2 · note
Xenografts: The transplantation of living tissue or organs from one species (e.g., pigs) to another (humans). · 3 Jul · GS2 · note
Advanced Chill Tech: Uses friction stir channeling to create internal cooling channels in metal plates. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
Applications: Cooling for Electric Vehicles (EVs), high-performance electronics, AI infrastructure, and trains. · 3 Jul · GS3 · note
Zoonotic diseases: Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans (e.g., Nipah, Ebola, COVID-19) · 2 Jul · GS2 · note
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs · 2 Jul · GS2 · note
Key areas of cooperation include AI, semiconductors, and clean energy · 2 Jul · GS2 · note
Phishing: A cyber attack where victims are deceived into providing sensitive information like passwords or credit card numbers · 2 Jul · GS3 · note
Ethanol: A biofuel produced from biomass (e.g., sugarcane, maize) used to reduce fossil fuel dependency. · 2 Jul · GS3 · note
Vikram-1: India's first private orbital rocket designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) missions. · 2 Jul · GS3 · note
Vikram-S: A previous successful sub-orbital rocket launched by Skyroot Aerospace in November 2022. · 2 Jul · GS3 · note
Lightstorm currently connects 19 AI and cloud zones via terrestrial fiber networks · 2 Jul · GS3 · note
Critical Minerals: Essential materials like Lithium, Cobalt, and Rare Earth Elements required for high-tech electronics and green energy. · 2 Jul · GS2 · note
El Niño: A climate pattern involving the warming of surface waters in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean · 2 Jul · GS2 · note
WhatsApp: A messaging platform owned by Meta (formerly Facebook). · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
K-9 Vajra: A self-propelled howitzer used by the Indian Army. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
Active Protection Systems (APS): Technology designed to intercept incoming projectiles to protect tanks and armored vehicles. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
AI-enabled cyber threats involve the use of machine learning and automated systems to conduct sophisticated phishing, malware, and data breaches. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
El Niño and La Niña are climate patterns that significantly influence the intensity and distribution of the Indian monsoon. · 1 Jul · GS1 · note
GST administration is adopting AI-driven scrutiny and risk-based audits · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
AI capabilities are currently outpacing scientific understanding and government policy adaptation speeds. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
El Niño is a climate pattern characterized by the warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
REDMOD: An AI system developed by Mayo Clinic for early pancreatic cancer detection. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
Radiomics: A technique that extracts large amounts of data from medical imaging to identify hidden biomarkers. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
Birthright citizenship: Constitutional principle granting citizenship to children born on a country's territory. · 1 Jul · GS2 · note
Anthropic: A US-based AI safety and research company known for the Claude series of large language models. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
Cybersecurity: Identified by RBI as a primary systemic risk to financial stability in the current reporting period. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
Hydroelectric projects are key components of India's renewable energy targets. · 1 Jul · GS2 · note
El Nino: A climate pattern characterized by the warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar): A form of radar that can provide high-resolution 2D or 3D images of objects or areas. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
Agnibaan: A sub-orbital launch vehicle developed by Agnikul Cosmos featuring 3D-printed engines. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note
Ethanol: An alcohol produced by the fermentation of sugars from crops like sugarcane and broken rice, used as a biofuel. · 1 Jul · GS3 · note

How these notes are made