GS2 · राजव्यवस्था · शासन · अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंध · 22
GS2International Relations › Policies of other countries affecting IndiaPrelims + Mains चर्चा में क्यों: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) announced that India is hosting the AI Impact Summit to democratize artificial intelligence for the Global South.
The AI Impact Summit is organized by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). The primary objective is to ensure inclusive and accessible AI development for developing nations.
Prelims pointers (2)
- BodyMeitY: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology is the nodal ministry for AI initiatives in India.
- FactThe AI Impact Summit focuses specifically on the Global South's access to technology.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss India's role as a leader in democratizing AI for the Global South. How can inclusive AI development address the digital divide in developing nations?
- Digital sovereignty: Balancing open-source AI access with national security and data privacy concerns.
- Infrastructure gap: Addressing the lack of high-compute resources and localized datasets in developing economies.
- Regulatory harmonization: Creating unified ethical frameworks for AI deployment across diverse socio-economic contexts.
Keywords: Digital Democracy · Global South · Inclusive Growth · Technological Sovereignty · AI Ethics
चर्चा में क्यों: U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio claimed at the Munich Security Conference that India has committed to stopping Russian oil purchases, contradicting India's stance on energy sovereignty.
U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio made the announcement on February 14, 2026, at the Munich Security Conference. The statement followed previous claims by U.S. President Donald Trump regarding India's energy procurement shift.
Prelims pointers (2)
- PostMarco Rubio: U.S. Secretary of State as of February 2026
- FactIndia maintains that national interests guide its energy procurement and source diversification
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the tension between international sanctions regimes and the principle of national energy security in the context of India's energy procurement strategy.
- Geopolitical friction: Balancing U.S. sanctions compliance with India's strategic autonomy in energy procurement
- Economic trade-off: Impact of shifting from discounted Russian crude to diversified global energy sources
- Diplomatic signaling: Use of energy procurement as a tool for geopolitical alignment vs. pragmatic national interest
Keywords: Strategic Autonomy · Energy Security · Sanctions Regime · Geopolitical Alignment · Pragmatic Realism
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims + Mains चर्चा में क्यों: The Supreme Court directed the FSSAI to consider mandatory front-of-package warning labels (FOPL) on packaged foods high in sugar, salt, and saturated fat to address lifestyle-related health issues.
The Supreme Court expressed dissatisfaction with FSSAI's slow progress on labeling norms despite previous consultations. The court gave FSSAI four weeks to respond to the petition's argument regarding informed consumer choices.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyFSSAI: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
- FactFOPL: Front-of-package warning labels for high sugar, salt, and saturated fat
- PostSupreme Court: Directed FSSAI to respond within four weeks
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how mandatory front-of-package labeling can serve as a public health intervention to combat non-communicable diseases in India.
- Information asymmetry: Addressing the gap between complex nutritional data and consumer comprehension
- Regulatory friction: Balancing industry freedom of trade against the state's duty to protect public health
- Behavioral economics: Utilizing 'nudge' theory via visual warnings to influence dietary choices
Keywords: Non-communicable diseases · Information asymmetry · Public health intervention · Regulatory oversight · Consumer protection
चर्चा में क्यों: India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated BNP leader Tarique Rahman on his landslide victory, signaling a potential reset in bilateral ties following the flight of Sheikh Hasina.
The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) returned to power following a July 2024 uprising. India's PM pledged support for a 'democratic, progressive and inclusive' Bangladesh while navigating concerns over insurgency and trade.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostTarique Rahman: Leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)
- FactJuly 2024: Date of the uprising that led to the flight of Sheikh Hasina
- PlaceBangladesh: Country where the BNP secured a landslide victory
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the geopolitical implications of a BNP-led government in Bangladesh for India's 'Neighborhood First' policy and regional security architecture.
- Security dilemma: Balancing India's 'red lines' on insurgency against the BNP's stance on extremism
- Trade friction: Potential shifts in bilateral trade agreements and economic cooperation post-Awami League era
- Diplomatic recalibration: Transitioning from a strategic partnership with the Awami League to a new engagement model with the BNP
Keywords: Neighborhood First · Strategic Autonomy · Geopolitical Realignment · Regional Security · Bilateral Diplomacy
चर्चा में क्यों: The Indian government and the U.K. are on track to implement the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) in April 2026 following its signing in July 2025.
The CETA aims to double the $56 billion trade between India and the U.K. by 2030. Under the pact, 99% of Indian exports will enter the British market at zero duty, while tariffs on Scotch whisky will be reduced from 150% to 75% immediately and to 40% by 2035.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactCETA aims to double the $56 billion trade between India and the U.K. by 2030
- Fact99% of Indian exports will enter the British market at zero duty under CETA
- FactTariffs on Scotch whisky will be reduced from 150% to 75% immediately and to 40% by 2035
- FactIndia will reduce import duties on automobiles to 10% over five years
- BodyThe CETA requires approval from the U.K. Parliament and the Indian Union Cabinet
Mains angle
Q. Examine how the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between India and the U.K. can reshape India's export landscape and its strategic economic ties with Western economies.
- Trade diversification: Expanding market access for Indian textiles, footwear, and gems and jewellery in the U.K. market
- Fiscal trade-offs: Balancing domestic industry protection against reduced import duties on luxury goods like Scotch whisky and automobiles
- Labor mobility: Addressing social levy duplication through the Double Contributions Convention (DCC) for temporary workers
Keywords: Trade Liberalization · Bilateral Trade · Tariff Reduction · Market Access · Economic Diplomacy
चर्चा में क्यों: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andrii Sybiha at the Munich Security Conference 2026 to discuss the Ukraine conflict and bilateral trade expansion.
The meeting took place during the Munich Security Conference 2026 in Germany. Discussions included Russia's strikes on Ukraine's energy system and the status of U.S.-led negotiations for lasting peace.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PlaceMunich Security Conference is held in Munich, Germany
- PostAndrii Sybiha is the Foreign Minister of Ukraine
- PostS. Jaishankar is the External Affairs Minister of India
- FactIndia and Ukraine discussed expanding trade and deepening bilateral ties
Mains angle
Q. Discuss India's role in mediating and navigating the geopolitical complexities of the Russia-Ukraine conflict while maintaining its strategic autonomy.
- Strategic autonomy: Balancing ties with Russia while engaging in U.S.-led international peace efforts
- Economic diplomacy: Leveraging bilateral trade expansion as a tool for regional stability
- Multilateral engagement: Utilizing platforms like Munich Security Conference to project India's constructive engagement
Keywords: Strategic Autonomy · Geopolitical Diplomacy · Bilateral Trade · Constructive Engagement · Multilateralism
चर्चा में क्यों: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman met German officials and EU representatives in Munich to discuss the finalized India-EU FTA and investment opportunities in India's manufacturing and digital sectors.
The finalized India-European Union Free Trade Agreement (FTA) includes a provision allowing EU banks to open branches in India over a four-year period. Sitharaman engaged with representatives from the European Central Bank, Liquidity and Sustainability Facility, and Liechtenstein.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactIndia-EU FTA includes a provision for EU banks to open branches in India over four years
- BodyEuropean Central Bank (ECB) and Liquidity and Sustainability Facility were among the bodies engaged by the Finance Minister
- PlaceMunich, Germany served as the venue for bilateral trade and investment discussions
Mains angle
Q. Examine how the India-EU Free Trade Agreement can enhance India's manufacturing capabilities and digital infrastructure while balancing regulatory requirements for foreign banking entities.
- Regulatory balance: Balancing ease of entry for EU banks with domestic financial stability
- Trade facilitation: Leveraging FTA to integrate Indian manufacturing into global value chains
- Capital flow: Utilizing global capital markets to fund India's digital infrastructure and climate initiatives
Keywords: Trade Facilitation · Bilateral Relations · Foreign Direct Investment · Digital Infrastructure · Manufacturing Sector
चर्चा में क्यों: Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi traveled to Geneva for the second round of indirect nuclear negotiations with the United States, mediated by Oman.
The negotiations involve discussions with Swiss and Omani officials and IAEA head Rafael Grossi. Iran seeks a deal involving aviation, mining, and oil and gas sectors, while the US demands a halt to all uranium enrichment.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PostAbbas Araghchi: Iran's Foreign Minister
- PostRafael Grossi: Head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
- PlaceGeneva: Location of the second round of indirect nuclear negotiations
- FactOman: The country mediating the indirect talks between Iran and the United States
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of third-party mediation in resolving nuclear proliferation issues and the geopolitical implications of indirect diplomacy between Iran and the United States.
- Economic leverage: Linking nuclear non-proliferation to bilateral trade in aviation and mining sectors
- Diplomatic architecture: The efficacy of indirect mediation by neutral states like Oman in high-stakes security negotiations
Keywords: Nuclear Non-proliferation · Indirect Diplomacy · Mediation · Geopolitical Stability · Energy Security
चर्चा में क्यों: Admiral Samuel J. Paparo, Commander of the US Indo-Pacific Command (INDO-PACOM), praised India's Operation Sindoor and called for deeper India-U.S. defense cooperation and mastery of AI in warfare.
Admiral Samuel J. Paparo (INDO-PACOM) commended the tactical execution and restraint of Operation Sindoor following the Pahalgam attack. He noted the use of Chinese-origin weapons by Pakistan and emphasized the role of AI and information warfare in modern security.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostAdmiral Samuel J. Paparo: Commander of the United States Indo-Pacific Command (INDO-PACOM)
- FactOperation Sindoor: Indian military operation following the Pahalgam attack
- S&TINDO-PACOM emphasis: Integration of Artificial Intelligence and information warfare for lethality and survivability
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the evolving security dynamics in the Indo-Pacific are shaping the India-U.S. defense partnership and the necessity of technological integration in modern warfare.
- Technological parity: Necessity of mastering AI and information warfare to counter asymmetric threats
- Strategic alignment: Strengthening of India-U.S. security ties against regional volatility and Chinese-origin weaponry
- Operational doctrine: Balancing tactical restraint with high-lethality capabilities in volatile security environments
Keywords: Indo-Pacific Command · Information Warfare · Strategic Partnership · Asymmetric Warfare · Defense Cooperation
चर्चा में क्यों: Debris from a rocket potentially belonging to ISRO's LVM-3 was discovered on an uninhabited island in the Maldives, raising questions regarding space debris management.
Debris including parts of the Payload Fairing was found near L. Kunahandhoo in the Maldives on February 12, 2026. A spaceflight tracking website suggested the debris originated from the LVM3-M6 mission which launched the BlueBird Block-2 communication satellite in December 2025.
Prelims pointers (3)
- S&TLVM-3: A heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
- PlaceL. Kunahandhoo: An uninhabited island in the Maldives where the debris was found.
- FactBlueBird Block-2: A communication satellite launched in December 2025.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the international legal and environmental implications of space debris and the need for a global framework for space sustainability.
- Liability ambiguity: Lack of clear international protocols for debris recovery in sovereign maritime territories
- Environmental risk: Potential ecological impact of non-biodegradable aerospace materials on marine and island ecosystems
Keywords: Space Debris · Space Sustainability · LVM-3 · Maritime Sovereignty · Orbital Mechanics
GS2International Relations › Policies of other countries affecting IndiaPrelims चर्चा में क्यों: US military forces intercepted and boarded the sanctioned Venezuelan oil tanker Veronica III in the Indian Ocean to enforce sanctions against illicit oil shipments.
The US Department of Defense tracked the Veronica III from the Caribbean Sea to the Indian Ocean. The vessel was intercepted following enforcement measures ordered by President Donald Trump.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactVeronica III: A sanctioned oil tanker intercepted in the Indian Ocean.
- BodyDepartment of Defense (Pentagon): The US body responsible for the interception and enforcement of sanctions.
- FactAquila II: Another tanker seized by US forces in the week preceding the Veronica III interception.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the implications of maritime enforcement of international sanctions on the freedom of navigation and global energy security.
- Jurisdictional friction: Conflict between sovereign rights in international waters and unilateral enforcement of economic sanctions.
- Energy security: Impact of maritime interdictions on global oil supply chains and price volatility in emerging markets.
Keywords: maritime security · economic sanctions · freedom of navigation · geopolitics · energy security
चर्चा में क्यों: Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin wrote to PM Narendra Modi requesting the Union government to clarify the legal status and ease administrative hurdles for registered Sri Lankan Tamils living in India.
The Tamil Nadu government has provided support to Sri Lankan Tamils for over four decades. The Chief Minister's request includes rescinding instructions barring citizenship applications and waiving passport/visa requirements for specific individuals.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactThe Union government currently has administrative instructions barring citizenship applications from the Sri Lankan Tamil community.
- FactThe Tamil Nadu government has provided support to these individuals for over four decades.
- FactThe request includes delegating powers to district-level authorities for streamlined processing of documentation.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the complexities involved in determining the legal status and citizenship rights of long-term residents of neighboring countries residing in India.
- Legal ambiguity: Conflict between long-term residency status and formal citizenship criteria
- Administrative bottleneck: Centralized processing vs. decentralized district-level authority for documentation
- Humanitarian vs. Security: Balancing the welfare of displaced populations with national security protocols
Keywords: Legal status · Citizenship criteria · Administrative decentralization · Displaced populations · Federal cooperation
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims + Mains चर्चा में क्यों: Andhra Pradesh is partnering with the Gates Foundation to implement AI-led healthcare reforms, including early disease detection and personalized health profiling.
The state government launched a 'MedTech Challenge' to identify AI-enabled medical devices, with 20 shortlisted technologies currently being tested in government hospitals. The initiative includes a pilot project named 'Sanjeevani' and a high-power expert advisory group.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Fact20 AI-enabled medical technologies were shortlisted for testing in Andhra Pradesh government hospitals
- SchemeSanjeevani: A pilot project for healthcare reforms in Andhra Pradesh
- BodyGates Foundation: A private foundation providing technical support for the state's healthcare reforms
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the integration of Artificial Intelligence in public healthcare delivery can address systemic inequities in rural and urban health access in India.
- Data privacy: Risks of unauthorized access to personalized health profiles in public databases
- Digital divide: Infrastructure gaps in rural areas hindering equitable access to AI-led diagnostics
- Regulatory oversight: Need for standardized certification of AI-enabled medical devices in public procurement
Keywords: Universal Health Coverage · Digital Health Infrastructure · Public-Private Partnership · Precision Medicine · Technological Leapfrogging
GS2Social Justice › Vulnerable sections (SC/ST, minorities, disabled, elderly, children)Prelims चर्चा में क्यों: The Telangana government approved inter-district deputation for 223 Panchayat Secretaries who lost local cadre status to alleviate hardships and improve rural development scheme implementation.
The Telangana government, via the Panchayat Raj and Rural Development Minister Danasari Anasuya, approved inter-district deputation for 223 Panchayat Secretaries. The deputation is valid for two years against available vacancies, regardless of grade.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Fact223 Panchayat Secretaries were approved for inter-district deputation in Telangana.
- FactThe approved deputation period for the secretaries is two years.
- PostDanasari Anasuya is the Minister for Panchayat Raj and Rural Development in Telangana.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how administrative flexibility in rural governance can enhance the delivery of welfare schemes while ensuring personnel stability.
- Administrative efficiency: Balancing cadre stability with the need for flexible deployment to fill rural vacancies
- Service delivery: Impact of personnel displacement on the continuity of local development schemes
Keywords: administrative flexibility · rural governance · cadre management · service delivery · deputation
GS2Polity & Constitution › Constitutional bodies (CAG, UPSC, FC, NCSC...)Mains चर्चा में क्यों: The Election Commission directed the West Bengal Chief Secretary to comply with pending directions regarding BLO remuneration and FIRs against officials by February 17.
The Election Commission directed West Bengal Chief Secretary Nandini Chakraborty to fulfill directions by February 17. The directives include releasing enhanced remuneration for booth-level officers (BLOs) and lodging FIRs against officials who violated electoral norms during the special intensive revision (SIR) process.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactThe EC doubled the annual remuneration of BLOs and raised payments for supervisors
- FactThe EC approved honorariums for Electoral Registration Officers (EROs) and Assistant Electoral Registration Officers (AEROs)
- PostNandini Chakraborty: Chief Secretary of West Bengal
Mains angle
Q. Examine the role of the Election Commission in ensuring the integrity of the electoral roll revision process and the administrative cooperation required from State Governments.
- Administrative friction: Coordination challenges between State Secretariats and the Election Commission's mandates
- Accountability mechanism: Legal repercussions for state officials violating electoral norms during intensive revision
- Logistical incentives: Impact of enhanced remuneration on the efficiency of booth-level data collection
Keywords: Constitutional mandate · Electoral integrity · Administrative compliance · Special Intensive Revision · Remuneration policy
GS2Social Justice › Vulnerable sections (SC/ST, minorities, disabled, elderly, children)Prelims चर्चा में क्यों: The Kerala Judicial Academy is updating its infrastructure and academic programs to accommodate its first-ever visually challenged trainee judge, C. Thanya Nathan.
The Kerala Judicial Academy is installing non-slippery ramps, lifts, handrails, tactile guidance paths, and Braille signage. The academic program will include OCR-compliant materials, audio formats, and voice-to-text tools for the trainee.
Prelims pointers (2)
- BodyKerala Judicial Academy: Body responsible for training judicial officers in Kerala
- FactTactile guidance paths and Braille signage: Infrastructure updates for visually challenged accessibility
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of institutional inclusivity in the judiciary and the steps required to ensure equal opportunities for persons with disabilities in the legal profession.
- Infrastructure gap: Lack of universal design in older judicial buildings hindering physical mobility
- Pedagogical shift: Transition from traditional print-heavy curricula to multi-modal accessible learning formats
- Policy integration: Need for standardized accessibility protocols across all state judicial training academies
Keywords: Inclusive Judiciary · Universal Design · Accessibility · Persons with Disabilities · Institutional Reform
GS2Polity & Constitution › Elections, ECI & electoral reformsPrelims चर्चा में क्यों: The Election Commission of India (ECI) announced the publication of the final electoral roll for Tamil Nadu on February 23, 2026, following a Supreme Court order regarding 'logical discrepancies'.
The ECI mandated the display of names in the 'logical discrepancies' category at gram panchayat bhawans and public places. Individuals were granted a 10-day window to submit documents or objections regarding these discrepancies.
Prelims pointers (4)
- BodyECI: Responsible for the publication and maintenance of electoral rolls in India
- FactQualifying date for the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) in Tamil Nadu is January 1, 2026
- FactFinal electoral roll publication date for Tamil Nadu is February 23, 2026
- PlaceGram panchayat bhawans and ward offices are designated locations for displaying discrepancy lists
Mains angle
Q. Examine the importance of periodic electoral roll revisions and the role of judicial oversight in ensuring the integrity of the electoral process in India.
- Transparency mechanism: Public display of 'logical discrepancies' to prevent fraudulent entries
- Judicial oversight: Supreme Court intervention to ensure inclusivity and accuracy of voter lists
- Administrative procedure: Time-bound grievance redressal for voters during Special Intensive Revisions
Keywords: Electoral Roll · Special Intensive Revision · Logical Discrepancies · Judicial Oversight · Gram Panchayat · Transparency
GS2Polity & Constitution › Constitution, amendments & basic structureMains चर्चा में क्यों: Advocate T. Sivagnanasambandan filed a PIL in the Madras High Court challenging eight provisions of the Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025, alleging it violates Articles 14, 16
The petition challenges the VB-G RAM G Act of 2025, specifically targeting provisions on cost-sharing ratios, village panchayat autonomy, and employment guarantee criteria. The petitioner argues the act is anti-federal and detrimental to rural India.
Prelims pointers (1)
- FactThe VB-G RAM G Act was enacted in 2025.
Mains angle
Q. Examine the constitutional validity of central legislation that restricts the autonomy of local bodies and impacts the fundamental rights of rural residents.
- Federal friction: Conflict between Central mandates on cost-sharing and State/Local fiscal autonomy
- Constitutional scrutiny: Potential violation of equality and livelihood rights under Articles 14 and 21
- Democratic decentralization: Erosion of Gram Panchayat authority in rural employment schemes
Keywords: Public Interest Litigation · Anti-federalism · Constitutional Validity · Gram Panchayat Autonomy · Right to Livelihood
चर्चा में क्यों: Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister Majid Takht-Ravanchi signaled a readiness to compromise on nuclear negotiations provided the US agrees to discuss lifting sanctions.
Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister Majid Takht-Ravanchi stated that negotiations are in early stages and must focus solely on nuclear issues, excluding ballistic missiles. Russia has offered to again accept low-enriched uranium from Iran under the 2015 nuclear accord framework.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactIran's Deputy Foreign Minister: Majid Takht-Ravanchi
- S&TRussia offered to accept low-enriched uranium from Iran
- PlaceGeneva: Location of upcoming talks involving US envoys and Omani mediators
- PostSteve Witkoff and Jared Kushner: US envoys expected at Geneva talks
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the geopolitical implications of the Iran nuclear negotiations on regional stability and the efficacy of multilateral sanctions as a tool of diplomacy.
- Sanctions efficacy: Debate over the utility of economic pressure vs. diplomatic concessions
- Nuclear non-proliferation: Balancing Iran's sovereign nuclear rights against regional security concerns
- Multilateral mediation: The role of Omani and Russian mediation in de-escalating US-Iran tensions
Keywords: Nuclear non-proliferation · Economic sanctions · Geopolitical leverage · Multilateral diplomacy · Regional stability
चर्चा में क्यों: Muhammad Yunus invited leaders from 13 countries, including India and China, to the swearing-in ceremony of BNP chairperson Tarique Rahman as the new Prime Minister of Bangladesh.
Tarique Rahman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) is set to take the oath of office following a landslide victory in the 2026 general election. The interim government, led by Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus, extended invitations to 13 nations for the ceremony.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactBangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) chairperson Tarique Rahman is the incoming Prime Minister.
- FactMuhammad Yunus served as the Chief Adviser of the interim government.
- FactIndia and China were among the 13 nations invited to the swearing-in ceremony.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the implications of the change in leadership in Bangladesh on India's 'Neighborhood First' policy and regional security dynamics.
- Geopolitical shift: Transition from interim oversight to BNP leadership affecting regional trade and security cooperation.
- Strategic balancing: Bangladesh's navigation between India and China interests in the Bay of Bengal.
- Diplomatic continuity: Potential for renewed bilateral cooperation on connectivity and maritime security.
Keywords: Neighborhood First · Geopolitical shift · Strategic autonomy · Regional stability · Bilateral cooperation
चर्चा में क्यों: US Assistant Secretary of State Paul Kapur stated that the US prioritizes counterterrorism and critical mineral cooperation with Pakistan to balance India's influence and limit Pakistan's alignment with China.
Assistant Secretary of State Paul Kapur highlighted the US interest in Pakistan's critical mineral sectors and counterterrorism efforts in Central Asia. The US aims to encourage India's independence while addressing security challenges in Afghanistan and Balochistan.
Prelims pointers (2)
- PostPaul Kapur: Assistant Secretary of State (USA)
- FactUS focus areas in Pakistan: counterterrorism cooperation and critical mineral sectors
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the geopolitical implications of the United States' strategy to balance its relations with India and Pakistan through counterterrorism and mineral sector cooperation.
- Strategic hedging: Balancing US-India maritime security interests against Pakistan's mineral-led economic engagement
- Geopolitical friction: US efforts to decouple Pakistan's security alignment from China's 'Belt and Road' influence
- Regional stability: Counterterrorism cooperation as a tool for US influence in Central Asia and Afghanistan
Keywords: Strategic Hedging · Counterterrorism Cooperation · Critical Minerals · Geopolitical Alignment · Regional Security
GS2International Relations › Policies of other countries affecting IndiaMains चर्चा में क्यों: UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres praised India as a successful emerging economy and highlighted its role in hosting an AI summit to ensure AI benefits all nations.
The AI summit is scheduled from February 16 to 20, 2026. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres advocated for a multipolar world and reforms within the UN Security Council to give emerging economies a stronger voice.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostAntonio Guterres: Secretary-General of the United Nations
- FactAI Summit dates: February 16 to 20, 2026
- BodyUN Security Council: The body Guterres proposed reforms for to increase the voice of emerging economies
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of India's leadership in shaping global AI governance and its role in advocating for a multipolar world order in multilateral institutions.
- Digital divide: Ensuring AI benefits for developing nations vs concentration of power in superpowers
- Institutional reform: Addressing the structural imbalance in the UN Security Council for emerging economies
- Global governance: India's role in establishing ethical AI frameworks for a multipolar world
Keywords: multipolar world · AI governance · multilateralism · emerging economies · digital equity
GS3 · अर्थव्यवस्था · विज्ञान-तकनीक · पर्यावरण · सुरक्षा · 16
GS3Economy › Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, railways)Prelims चर्चा में क्यों: The Union Ministry of Power reported that India achieved its highest-ever power generation capacity addition in a single year, surpassing the previous record of 34,054 MW.
India added 52,537 MW of electricity generation capacity in the current financial year (up to Jan 31, 2026). This brings the total national capacity to 5,20,510.95 MW, with renewable energy now accounting for 50.5% of the total.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactIndia's total power generation capacity as of January 31, 2026, is 5,20,510.95 MW
- FactRenewable energy sources account for 50.5% (263,189.33 MW) of India's total power capacity
- FactFossil fuels account for approximately 48% (2,48,541.62 MW) of the total capacity
- FactNuclear power commands approximately 1.6% (8,780 MW) of the total capacity
- FactOf the 52,537 MW added this year, 39,657 MW came from renewables (34,955 MW solar and 4,613 MW wind)
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of India's transition towards a renewable-heavy power mix in achieving its climate goals and ensuring energy security.
- Grid stability: Balancing intermittent renewable supply with base-load fossil fuel and nuclear requirements
- Decarbonization trajectory: Transitioning from 48% fossil fuel reliance to a greener energy mix
- Infrastructure scaling: Rapid capacity expansion requirements for transmission and distribution networks
Keywords: Energy Security · Renewable Energy Transition · Decarbonization · Power Infrastructure · Energy Mix
GS3Environment & Ecology › Species, protected areas & wetlandsPrelims चर्चा में क्यों: MARC and Social Forestry Divisions conducted a nest monitoring survey in Kannur and Kasaragod, identifying 17 active White-bellied Sea Eagle nests.
The survey conducted by MARC and Social Forestry Divisions found 17 active nesting sites, an increase from 13 sites recorded last year. The eagles were found nesting in temple compounds and populated areas, preferring large mature trees like Ficus religiosa and Mangifera indica.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactNest count: 17 active nesting sites identified in the current survey.
- EnvironmentPreferred nesting trees: Ficus religiosa, Mangifera indica, Alstonia scholaris, and Casuarina species.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges of conserving flagship avian species in anthropogenic landscapes and the importance of community-led conservation in temple and populated areas.
- Habitat fragmentation: Encroachment on coastal ecosystems reducing historical nesting sites
- Human-wildlife coexistence: Managing nesting sites within temple compounds and populated zones
- Biodiversity monitoring: Limitations of periodic surveys in tracking long-term population trends
Keywords: Anthropogenic landscape · Avian conservation · Habitat suitability · Biodiversity monitoring · Community-led conservation
GS3Science & Technology › Biotechnology & health researchPrelims चर्चा में क्यों: The Haryana government approved ₹53.21 crore to upgrade food and drug safety systems in the National Capital Region (NCR) by deploying 28 mobile food testing laboratory (MFTL) vans.
The Haryana government allocated ₹53.21 crore for food safety upgrades, including 28 MFTL vans and modernization of the District Food Laboratory at Karnal. FSSAI has already deployed five MFTL vans offering on-the-spot testing at ₹20 per sample.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactHaryana government approved ₹53.21 crore for food and drug safety systems in NCR
- Fact28 mobile food testing laboratory (MFTL) vans to be deployed in NCR
- PlaceDistrict Food Laboratory is located in Karnal, Haryana
- FactFSSAI MFTL vans offer on-the-spot testing at a nominal fee of ₹20 per sample
- BodyFood Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) oversees food safety standards
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of mobile testing units in ensuring food safety and public health in rapidly urbanizing regions like the National Capital Region.
- Infrastructure gap: Addressing the shortage of accredited testing labs in peri-urban areas
- Regulatory oversight: Strengthening on-the-spot surveillance to curb the sale of adulterated food products
Keywords: Food Safety · Public Health · Regulatory Oversight · Infrastructure Development · Standardization
GS3Economy › External sector, trade & FDIMains चर्चा में क्यों: Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted that recent trade agreements with the EU and US aim to expand global market access for Indian manufacturing and services.
The PM emphasized that political stability and predictability have restored investor confidence. The agreements focus on reducing non-tariff barriers and supporting MSMEs in the textiles and engineering goods sectors.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactTrade agreements were signed with the European Union and the United States.
- FactKey sectors identified for export expansion include textiles and engineering goods.
- FactThe government's focus includes the reduction of non-tariff barriers to facilitate trade.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how trade agreements with major economies like the EU and US can enhance India's manufacturing capabilities and the competitiveness of its MSME sector.
- MSME integration: Addressing logistical hurdles and compliance costs for small-scale exporters in global value chains
- Trade barriers: Impact of non-tariff measures on the exportability of Indian textiles and engineering goods
- Investor confidence: Correlation between domestic political stability and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows
Keywords: Market Access · Non-tariff Barriers · MSME Empowerment · Export-oriented Growth · Investor Confidence
GS3Science & Technology › Nuclear & new energy technologyPrelims चर्चा में क्यों: The Institute for Climate Change Studies (ICCS) reported a steady decline in Kerala's southwest and northeast monsoon rainfall over the last 125 years.
The ICCS study found a 12.5% decrease in southwest monsoon rainfall and a 6.1% decrease in northeast monsoon rainfall compared to long-period averages. Despite 2025 annual rainfall being slightly above average, both monsoon types remained below average with significant district-level deficits.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactSouthwest monsoon rainfall in Kerala decreased by 12.5% over 125 years.
- FactNortheast monsoon rainfall in Kerala decreased by 6.1% over 125 years.
- PlaceKerala's primary rainfall sources are the southwest and northeast monsoons.
- BodyInstitute for Climate Change Studies (ICCS) conducted the rainfall trend study.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the implications of erratic monsoon patterns on the agricultural economy and water security of coastal states like Kerala.
- Hydrological stress: Reduced monsoon reliability affecting groundwater recharge and reservoir levels
- Agricultural vulnerability: Shift in cropping patterns due to erratic precipitation and monsoon deficits
Keywords: Climate variability · Monsoon dynamics · Hydrological stress · Precipitation deficit · Climate resilience
GS3Economy › Employment & inclusive growthPrelims + Mains चर्चा में क्यों: MSME Minister Kondapalli Srinivas announced a ₹1,877 crore allocation for rural poverty alleviation in the 2026-2027 fiscal year to empower women in Self-Help Groups and strengthen rural livelihoods.
The 2026-2027 budget includes a ₹143 crore increase over the previous year's allocation. Funds are earmarked for salaries, honorariums, and office maintenance under four key rural livelihood initiatives.
Prelims pointers (5)
- Fact₹1,877 crore total allocation for rural poverty alleviation in FY 2026-2027
- Fact₹143 crore increase in funding compared to the previous fiscal year
- SchemeDeendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)
- SchemeMahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP)
- SchemeStart-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how targeted fiscal allocations to rural livelihood missions can effectively bridge the gender gap in rural economic participation.
- Institutional synergy: Coordinating multi-scheme funding to prevent overlapping and ensure last-mile delivery
- Gender-centric empowerment: Leveraging Self-Help Groups to transition from subsistence to entrepreneurial livelihoods
Keywords: Rural Livelihoods · Fiscal Allocation · Women Empowerment · Self-Help Groups · Poverty Alleviation
GS3Science & Technology › IT, AI, semiconductors & computingPrelims चर्चा में क्यों: Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to inaugurate the India AI Impact Expo 2026 at Bharat Mandapam to showcase AI solutions and foster global partnerships.
The expo runs from February 16-20, 2026, featuring over 300 exhibition pavilions and 600 high-potential startups. It is organized around three thematic chakras: people, planet, and progress.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PlaceBharat Mandapam: Venue for the India AI Impact Expo 2026
- FactIndia AI Impact Expo 2026: Expected to attract over 2.5 lakh visitors
- FactIndia AI Impact Expo 2026: Features over 600 high-potential startups
- PostMaxim Oreshkin: Deputy Chief of the Kremlin staff and economic aide to President Putin
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how India can leverage Artificial Intelligence to achieve the 'People, Planet, and Progress' framework while ensuring ethical governance and global leadership.
- Sovereign AI: Balancing rapid technological adoption with data privacy and ethical safeguards
- Economic Diplomacy: Leveraging AI as a tool for bilateral trade and global startup integration
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence · Digital Public Infrastructure · Technological Sovereignty · Startup Ecosystem · Global AI Governance
चर्चा में क्यों: Experts and employees at xAI have raised alarms over ethical risks and safety concerns regarding the AI chatbot Grok, highlighting the urgent need for global regulation.
Employees at Elon Musk's xAI company resigned over Grok's generation of sexually explicit images of non-consenting women and racist comments. Microsoft reported that AI is likely to automate many white-collar jobs in the coming years.
Prelims pointers (4)
- S&TxAI: An artificial intelligence company founded by Elon Musk.
- S&TGrok: An AI chatbot developed by xAI.
- BodyCenter for AI Safety (CAIS): An organization advocating for AI safety and regulation.
- FactMicrosoft reported AI's potential to automate white-collar jobs in the next few years.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the ethical implications and socio-economic risks of rapid AI advancement, and suggest measures to ensure a human-centric approach to automation.
- Ethical oversight: Lack of global consensus on safety standards for generative AI models
- Labor market disruption: Automation of white-collar roles leading to structural unemployment
- Regulatory vacuum: Absence of binding international frameworks to prevent AI-generated misinformation and harassment
Keywords: Algorithmic bias · Technological unemployment · Ethical governance · Human-centric AI · Regulatory framework
GS3Economy › Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, railways)Prelims + Mains चर्चा में क्यों: Andhra Pradesh is developing a large-scale 'data city' in Visakhapatnam to establish the state as a major AI hub through significant private investments.
The project involves the development of data centers and submarine internet cables in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The state government is offering land to major investors at a rate of one US cent per acre.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PlaceVisakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh: Site of the proposed AI 'data city'
- FactLand offered at one US cent per acre for major investors
- S&TProject includes submarine internet cables and data centers
- FactKey investors include Google and Reliance Industries
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the development of specialized 'data cities' can catalyze India's transition into a global AI powerhouse while addressing infrastructure bottlenecks.
- Infrastructure synergy: Integration of submarine cables and data centers to reduce latency
- Investment incentives: Impact of subsidized land costs on attracting global tech giants
- Economic multiplier: Potential for job creation and industrialization-led poverty alleviation
Keywords: Digital Infrastructure · Artificial Intelligence · Data Sovereignty · Investment Incentives · Economic Growth
GS3Economy › Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, railways)Prelims + Mains चर्चा में क्यों: Civil Aviation Minister K Rammohan Naidu announced a thorough study of non-scheduled flight operators (NSOPs) and uncontrolled airfields following the fatal crash of a VSR Ventures-owned LearJet 45 near Baramati airport.
The crash near Baramati airport resulted in the death of Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar and four others. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) has initiated a special safety audit of NSOPs while the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) prepares a preliminary report.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyAAIB: Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau is responsible for investigating aviation accidents
- FactThe crash involved a VSR Ventures-owned LearJet 45
- PlaceBaramati airport is located in Maharashtra
Mains angle
Q. Examine the safety challenges associated with non-scheduled flight operators and uncontrolled airfields in India's aviation sector and suggest regulatory measures to mitigate risks.
- Regulatory oversight: Lack of standardized safety protocols for non-scheduled operators compared to commercial airlines
- Infrastructure gap: Safety risks in uncontrolled airfields lacking advanced air traffic management systems
- Audit efficacy: Need for real-time monitoring and mandatory safety audits by the DGCA
Keywords: Aviation Safety · Regulatory Framework · Non-scheduled Operators · Air Traffic Management · Safety Audit
चर्चा में क्यों: Security agencies in Jammu and Kashmir identified and froze over 8,000 mule accounts used by global scam networks to facilitate money laundering and cryptocurrency conversion.
The Jammu and Kashmir Police and law enforcement agencies identified over 8,000 mule accounts linked to global scam networks. Officials suspect these accounts are part of a digital hawala model used to fund separatist and anti-national activities.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactOver 8,000 mule accounts were identified and frozen by security agencies in J&K.
- S&TMule accounts are used to convert stolen funds into untraceable cryptocurrency.
- FactA crackdown on illicit money flow occurred in 2017, leading to a shift toward digital hawala models.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the evolution of digital hawala and mule account networks poses a significant challenge to India's internal security and anti-money laundering framework.
- Regulatory gap: Difficulty in tracking real-time conversions from fiat currency to untraceable cryptocurrencies
- Institutional coordination: Need for seamless data sharing between law enforcement agencies and private banking entities
- Technological shift: Transition from traditional physical hawala to digital mule networks complicates forensic tracking
Keywords: Money Laundering · Digital Hawala · Cybercrime · Internal Security · Cryptocurrency · Financial Fraud
चर्चा में क्यों: A three-member judicial panel headed by retired High Court Judge R.S. Chauhan was appointed to investigate a coal mine explosion in Meghalaya that killed 31 people.
The judicial panel was established under the Commission of Inquiry Act 1952 to investigate the February 5 coal mine explosion in Meghalaya. The panel includes retired IPS officer H. Nongpluh and former IAS officer P.S. Dkhar.
Prelims pointers (4)
- Act / BillCommission of Inquiry Act 1952: Legal framework for establishing commissions to investigate matters of public importance.
- PostR.S. Chauhan: Retired High Court Judge appointed as head of the judicial probe.
- Fact31 people were killed in the February 5 coal mine explosion in Meghalaya.
- PlaceMeghalaya: State where the coal mine explosion occurred.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of judicial inquiries in ensuring accountability and safety standards in India's extractive industries.
- Regulatory oversight: Evaluating the efficacy of central mining laws and constitutional exemptions in ensuring worker safety.
- Accountability mechanisms: Assessing the role of judicial commissions in identifying systemic failures in industrial safety protocols.
Keywords: Judicial Inquiry · Accountability · Industrial Safety · Commission of Inquiry Act · Extractive Industries
GS3Economy › Growth, inflation & macro indicatorsPrelims चर्चा में क्यों: Tamil Nadu is expected to release its second Economic Survey on February 16, 2026, ahead of the interim budget presentation.
The Economic Survey is prepared by the State Planning Commission of Tamil Nadu. According to the Reserve Bank of India’s handbook statistics, Tamil Nadu’s Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) grew by 11.2% in 2024-25.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactTamil Nadu's GSDP growth rate was 11.2% in 2024-25 according to RBI handbook statistics
- BodyThe State Planning Commission of Tamil Nadu is responsible for preparing the state's Economic Survey
- FactThe second Economic Survey of Tamil Nadu is scheduled for release on February 16, 2026
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the significance of state-level economic surveys in shaping regional development policies and addressing gender-specific economic disparities in India.
- Data-driven policy: Utilizing state-specific GSDP metrics to tailor regional industrial incentives
- Gender-inclusive growth: Addressing structural barriers to women's labor force participation in manufacturing hubs
- Fiscal planning: Aligning state economic projections with interim budget allocations
Keywords: Gross State Domestic Product · Economic Survey · Gender Participation · Fiscal Planning · State Planning Commission
GS3Economy › Employment & inclusive growthPrelims + Mains चर्चा में क्यों: ICRIER and OpenAI conducted a study revealing that AI adoption is causing a moderation in entry-level hiring across 650 Indian IT firms while increasing demand for specialized skills.
The study analyzed 650 IT firms in India. It found that AI is being treated as a productivity-enhancing tool rather than a human substitute, leading to growth in software developer and database administrator roles.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactThe study covered 650 IT firms in India.
- S&TAI is being utilized as a productivity-enhancing tool in the IT sector.
- FactDemand for candidates with domain expertise and AI or data skills has increased.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Indian labor market, specifically regarding entry-level employment and the shifting demand for specialized skill sets.
- Skill mismatch: Growing gap between traditional entry-level qualifications and the demand for AI-integrated domain expertise
- Training bottleneck: Shortage of qualified trainers and high costs hindering widespread corporate AI literacy
- Ethical friction: Balancing rapid AI integration with concerns regarding algorithmic bias and workplace ethics
Keywords: Skill polarization · Productivity enhancement · Labor market dynamics · Digital literacy · Technological displacement
चर्चा में क्यों: Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma requested the Centre for more emergency landing facilities (ELF) following the inauguration of the Northeast's first ELF in Moran.
The Assam government plans to construct four additional airports at Majuli, Diphu, Umrangso, and Manas. A feasibility study for these sites is scheduled for next month.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceMoran: Location of the Northeast's first emergency landing facility (ELF).
- FactAssam government plans to construct four additional airports at Majuli, Diphu, Umrangso, and Manas.
- PostHimanta Biswa Sarma: Chief Minister of Assam.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the strategic and developmental importance of establishing emergency landing facilities and regional airports in the Northeast region of India.
- Strategic depth: Enhancing logistical readiness and backup infrastructure in border-adjacent states
- Connectivity gap: Reducing regional isolation through decentralized aviation infrastructure
- Economic catalyst: Facilitating faster movement of goods and people in geographically challenging terrains
Keywords: Strategic infrastructure · Regional connectivity · Logistics readiness · Aviation development · Feasibility study
चर्चा में क्यों: Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren directed officials to develop a mechanism to prevent human deaths in man-elephant conflicts following an incident in Hazaribag district.
Seven people were killed by an aggressive herd of elephants in Hazaribag district, Jharkhand. The state government plans to map elephant corridors, train villagers, and deploy 'Kumki' elephants for rescue operations.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactSeven people were killed in a recent man-elephant conflict incident in Hazaribag district, Jharkhand.
- EnvironmentKumki elephants: Trained elephants used by forest departments to manage and rescue wild elephants.
- FactThe Jharkhand government mandated full compensation for families affected by elephant attacks within 12 days.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the strategies required to mitigate man-animal conflict in elephant-dense corridors while ensuring the safety of local communities and wildlife.
- Spatial planning: Need for scientific mapping of elephant corridors to minimize habitat fragmentation
- Compensation bottleneck: Ensuring rapid and transparent disbursement of ex-gratia payments to affected families
- Operational capacity: Scaling up the deployment of trained Kumki elephants and specialized rescue teams
Keywords: Man-animal conflict · Habitat fragmentation · Ex-gratia compensation · Wildlife management · Human-wildlife coexistence
नोट्स सत्यधीश के समाचार फ़ीड से स्वचालित रूप से तैयार किए जाते हैं और यूपीएससी सीएसई पाठ्यक्रम से जुड़े हैं। उत्तर में उपयोग करने से पहले तथ्यों का मूल रिपोर्ट या पीआईबी से मिलान करें।