GS2 · Polity · Governance · IR · 20
Why in news: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs reported that India faces its 'greatest strategic challenge' in Bangladesh since 1971 due to a generational shift and potential realignment.
The committee cited the collapse of Awami League dominance, youth-led nationalism, and increased Chinese and Pakistani influence as key factors. It recommended initiating bilateral discussions on the Ganga Water Treaty to avoid a vacuum post-2026.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyParliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs: Body that authored the report on Bangladesh's strategic shift.
- FactGanga Water Treaty: The specific bilateral agreement the committee recommended discussing to avoid a post-2026 vacuum.
- PlaceBangladesh: The country identified as facing a generational shift and potential realignment away from New Delhi.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the impact of shifting geopolitical dynamics and internal nationalism in Bangladesh on India's strategic interests in the region.
- Geopolitical realignment: Increasing Chinese and Pakistani influence creating a strategic vacuum in the Bay of Bengal
- Water diplomacy: Necessity of formalizing the Ganga Water Treaty to ensure regional stability post-2026
- Internal dynamics: Impact of youth-led nationalism and the collapse of Awami League dominance on bilateral ties
Keywords: Strategic realignment · Geopolitical shift · Water diplomacy · Regional stability · Bilateral relations
Why in news: Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Oman on December 17, 2025, to strengthen bilateral ties and finalize a free trade agreement.
The visit marks 70 years of India–Oman diplomatic relations. The visit includes meetings with Omani leadership to finalize a free trade agreement.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactIndia-Oman diplomatic relations reached the 70-year milestone in 2025.
- PlaceOman is the host country for the final leg of PM Modi's three-nation visit.
- FactA free trade agreement is the primary economic objective of the visit.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of India's deepening economic and diplomatic ties with Oman in the context of its 'Look West' policy and maritime security.
- Trade diversification: Reducing import reliance through a formalized free trade agreement with Oman
- Geopolitical alignment: Strengthening maritime security cooperation in the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman
Keywords: bilateral ties · free trade agreement · diplomatic relations · Look West policy
Why in news: India officially took over the BRICS presidency from Brazil in Brasilia, with the transition symbolized by a gavel made of recycled Amazonian wood.
The handover occurred in Brasilia where Brazil's BRICS sherpa, Mauricio Lyrio, passed the presidency to India's sherpa, Sudhakar Dalela. Brazil's presidency focused on sustainability and inclusive development.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostMauricio Lyrio: Brazil’s BRICS sherpa
- PostSudhakar Dalela: India's sherpa to BRICS
- FactThe presidency handover took place in Brasilia, Brazil
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the transition of the BRICS presidency to India reflects India's growing role in shaping the global economic order and multilateral cooperation.
- Geopolitical leverage: India's ability to balance Western and Global South interests
- Institutional continuity: Transitioning from Brazil's sustainability focus to India's consolidation goals
- Multilateral influence: Strengthening the 'Global South' narrative through BRICS leadership
Keywords: Multilateralism · Global South · Geopolitical influence · Sustainable development · Institutional leadership
Why in news: The Bombay High Court criticized the Maharashtra Police for failing to comply with the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) regarding the 14-day preliminary inquiry timeline.
The Bombay High Court directed the Union Home Ministry and senior police officers to explain lapses in following the BNSS. The court addressed petitions from three individuals alleging delayed inquiries and unclear procedures by the police.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Act / BillBharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS): New law mandating completion of preliminary inquiries within 14 days
- BodyBombay High Court: Judicial body overseeing the compliance of police procedures in Maharashtra
- Fact14 days: The statutory timeline for completing preliminary inquiries under BNSS
Mains angle
Q. Critically examine the challenges in implementing the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) regarding procedural timelines and police accountability.
- Procedural bottleneck: Conflict between mandatory 14-day inquiry timelines and complex evidence collection requirements
- Accountability gap: Lack of standardized oversight mechanisms to monitor police adherence to new criminal procedural norms
Keywords: Judicial oversight · Procedural compliance · Police accountability · Rule of law · Statutory timelines
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims + Mains Why in news: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) projected that global diabetes cases will rise to 900 million by 2050, driven largely by urbanization and aging in low and middle-income countries.
The IDF Diabetes Atlas predicts a rise from 580 million current adult cases to 900 million by 2050. The study, published in Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, identifies China, India, and the United States among the top 10 countries with the highest diabetes burden.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactCurrent global adult diabetes prevalence: 580 million
- FactProjected global diabetes prevalence by 2050: 900 million
- BodyInternational Diabetes Federation (IDF) published the Diabetes Atlas
- PlaceTop 10 countries with diabetes burden include China, India, USA, and Pakistan
- FactOver 95% of projected diabetes increase expected in low and middle-income countries
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the impact of rapid urbanization and demographic shifts on the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases in low and middle-income countries.
- Demographic pressure: Aging populations and rapid urbanization accelerating metabolic disorders in developing economies
- Resource disparity: Limited healthcare infrastructure in low-income regions to manage chronic diabetes complications
- Urban-rural divide: Increasing prevalence in urban centers due to lifestyle shifts and sedentary environments
Keywords: Non-communicable diseases · Demographic transition · Urbanization · Public health infrastructure · Epidemiological shift
Why in news: The Supreme Court extended the deadline for fresh teacher recruitments in West Bengal to August 31, 2026, allowing previously sacked teachers to continue working temporarily.
The Supreme Court annulled a 2016 recruitment process conducted by the West Bengal School Service Commission (WBSSC). The court granted an extension until August 31, 2026, for the completion of new recruitments.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyWBSSC: West Bengal School Service Commission is the body responsible for teacher recruitment in the state.
- FactThe Supreme Court extended the recruitment completion deadline to August 31, 2026.
- PlaceThe recruitment process in question pertains to the state of West Bengal.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of transparent and merit-based recruitment processes in the public education sector to ensure administrative integrity and social justice.
- Administrative integrity: Risks of procedural lapses in state-level recruitment bodies
- Legal-administrative friction: Balancing judicial oversight with the immediate need for stable educational staffing
- Transparency gap: Demand for standardized criteria to prevent arbitrary employment and job insecurity
Keywords: meritocracy · administrative transparency · judicial oversight · public service integrity · procedural fairness
GS2Polity & Constitution › Elections, ECI & electoral reformsPrelims Why in news: The Election Commission of India is set to publish the integrated draft electoral roll for Tamil Nadu on December 19 following a Special Intensive Revision (SIR).
The Election Commission of India is publishing the integrated draft electoral roll for Tamil Nadu on December 19. The roll includes lists of deceased, untraceable/absent, and permanently shifted voters, accessible via District Election Officers' websites.
Prelims pointers (4)
- BodyThe Election Commission of India (ECI) is the body responsible for publishing and maintaining electoral rolls.
- FactThe integrated draft electoral roll for Tamil Nadu will be published on December 19.
- FactThe roll includes specific categories: death, untraceable/absent, permanently shifted, and already enrolled voters.
- PostArchana Patnaik is the Chief Electoral Officer of Tamil Nadu.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of periodic electoral roll revisions in ensuring the integrity of the democratic process in India.
- Data integrity: Eliminating duplicate entries and 'ghost' voters to prevent electoral fraud
- Digital inclusivity: Challenges in updating rolls for migrant populations and rural residents
- Transparency: Public access to draft rolls as a mechanism for citizen-led verification
Keywords: Electoral Roll · Special Intensive Revision · Democracy · Transparency · Voter Verification
The Hindu ↗+1 more on this story GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims + Mains Why in news: The Karnataka High Court quashed the State government's decision to discontinue PM Jan Aushadhi kendras on government hospital premises, ruling the reversal detrimental to public interest.
The High Court of Karnataka ruled against the state's move to stop PM Jan Aushadhi kendras at all taluk government hospitals. These kendras provide medicines at 50% to 80% discounts based on a 2016 policy.
Prelims pointers (3)
- SchemePM Jan Aushadhi kendras provide medicines at 50% to 80% discounts.
- BodyThe High Court of Karnataka quashed the state's policy reversal.
- FactPetitioners had been operating the kendras for five to seven years based on a 2016 policy.
Mains angle
Q. Examine the role of judicial review in ensuring the continuity of public welfare schemes and protecting the rights of stakeholders against arbitrary policy reversals.
- Policy inconsistency: Conflict between administrative discretion and prior government commitments to public welfare
- Public health access: Impact of removing subsidized medicine outlets on rural healthcare affordability
- Judicial oversight: Balancing executive autonomy in policy-making with the doctrine of public interest
Keywords: Judicial Review · Public Interest · Policy Consistency · Right to Health · Administrative Discretion
GS2Polity & Constitution › Judiciary & landmark judgmentsPrelims Why in news: The Supreme Court Collegium, headed by Chief Justice of India Surya Kant, recommended the elevation of six judges to the positions of Chief Justices of various High Courts.
The Collegium recommended Justice Manoj Gupta (Uttarakhand), Justice Revati P. Mohit Dere (Meghalaya), Justice Soumen Sen (Kerala), Justice M.S. Sonak (Jharkhand), Justice A. Muhamed Mustaque (Sikkim), and Justice Sangam Kumar Sahoo (Patna).
Prelims pointers (2)
- PostChief Justice of India Surya Kant headed the Collegium for these recommendations.
- FactJustice Manoj Gupta was proposed for the Uttarakhand High Court.
Mains angle
Q. Examine the role of the Collegium system in ensuring judicial independence and the importance of timely appointments in the Indian judiciary.
- Institutional autonomy: Balancing executive oversight with the independence of the judicial appointment process.
- Transparency concerns: Addressing the lack of public criteria in the Collegium's selection and elevation process.
Keywords: Judicial Independence · Collegium System · Judicial Appointments · Separation of Powers · Judiciary
Why in news: The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) informed the Rajya Sabha that 202 Indian nationals have been recruited into the Russian armed forces since 2022, with 26 reported deaths and seven missing.
The MEA reported that 202 Indians have joined the Russian military since 2022. The Union government is providing assistance for the repatriation of remains, DNA sample sharing, and travel documents for discharged individuals.
Prelims pointers (2)
- Fact202 Indian nationals reported recruited into the Russian armed forces since 2022
- PostMinistry of External Affairs (MEA) is the nodal ministry for repatriating remains and providing travel documents for Indian nationals abroad
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the diplomatic and security challenges India faces in protecting its citizens recruited by foreign militaries during active conflicts.
- Diplomatic friction: Balancing bilateral ties with Russia while addressing the safety of Indian nationals in conflict zones
- Legal complexity: Challenges in repatriating remains and identifying nationals without formal military status
- Security risk: Potential for radicalization or intelligence leaks from nationals serving in foreign armed forces
Keywords: Repatriation · Diplomatic Protection · Extraterritorial Jurisdiction · Bilateral Relations · Humanitarian Assistance
Why in news: Dr. Hanumanthu Lajapathirai advocated for integrating the Indian Knowledge System (IKS) into school curricula to align with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
Dr. Hanumanthu Lajapathirai, former Vice Chancellor of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, proposed including indigenous wisdom, heritage, governance, and traditional medicine in schools. The proposal was discussed during a two-day awareness program at Government Degree College in Vizianagaram regarding the Valmiki Ramayanam.
Prelims pointers (3)
- SchemeNational Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Framework for modernizing Indian education
- PostDr. Hanumanthu Lajapathirai: Former Vice Chancellor of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University
- PlaceVizianagaram: Location of the awareness program at Government Degree College
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of integrating the Indian Knowledge System into the school curriculum to achieve the objectives of the National Education Policy 2020.
- Pedagogical shift: Balancing traditional indigenous wisdom with modern scientific inquiry
- Cultural preservation: Countering western-centric educational hegemony through heritage-based learning
- Curriculum design: Challenges in standardizing diverse regional traditional practices into a national framework
Keywords: Indian Knowledge System · Pedagogical shift · Cultural preservation · NEP 2020 · Indigenous wisdom
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims + Mains Why in news: The Supreme Court declined a PIL seeking stricter FSSAI standards for antimony and DEHP in packaged drinking water, labeling the petition as 'luxury litigation' due to rural water scarcity.
The Supreme Court dismissed a petition filed by architect Sarang Vaman Yadvadkar regarding FSSAI standards for antimony and DEHP. The court highlighted that the primary concern should be universal access to clean drinking water rather than specific packaged water standards.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyFSSAI: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
- FactAntimony and DEHP: Substances identified in the petition as posing health risks in packaged drinking water
- PostSarang Vaman Yadvadkar: Petitioner who filed the PIL regarding water standards
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in ensuring universal access to safe drinking water in India and the role of judicial oversight in balancing public health standards with resource availability.
- Resource disparity: Conflict between high-end safety standards for packaged water and basic water access in rural areas
- Regulatory oversight: Balancing FSSAI's role in food safety with the logistical challenges of rural water infrastructure
Keywords: Public Interest Litigation · Right to Water · Regulatory Standards · Luxury Litigation · Public Health
Why in news: The Karnataka government issued an order to introduce Early Child Care Education (ECCE) in 4,056 government schools by 2026-27 to bridge the gap in pre-primary education.
The initiative targets children aged four to five years with a class capacity of 20 to 40 students. Classes will be conducted in a bilingual medium (English and Kannada) and include provisions for mid-day meals, hot milk, and supplementary nutritious food.
Prelims pointers (4)
- SchemeSamagra Shikshana Karnataka: State scheme used to implement ECCE classes
- FactTarget: 4,056 government schools to offer pre-primary classes by 2026-27
- FactStudent Age Group: Children aged four to five years
- FactBilingual Medium: Classes to be conducted in English and Kannada
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the expansion of Early Child Care Education (ECCE) in government schools can bridge the socio-economic divide in primary education access.
- Equity gap: Reducing reliance on private pre-primary institutions for marginalized communities
- Nutritional integration: Linking cognitive development with mid-day meal and hot milk provisions
- Linguistic inclusivity: Balancing bilingual instruction to ensure foundational literacy in local and national languages
Keywords: Early Child Care Education · Educational Equity · Foundational Literacy · Public-Private Gap · Nutritional Support
GS2Polity & Constitution › Judiciary & landmark judgmentsMains Why in news: CJI Surya Kant highlighted the reluctance of retired High Court judges to serve as ad hoc judges due to seniority-related embarrassment amidst a backlog of over 12 million criminal cases.
The Supreme Court is utilizing Article 224A to appoint retired judges as ad hoc judges to address the backlog of over 12 million pending criminal cases in High Courts. The Attorney General suggested internal discussions among Chief Justices to resolve seniority and judicial dynamic concerns.
Prelims pointers (3)
- ConstitutionArticle 224A: Provides for the appointment of retired district judges or retired High Court judges as ad hoc judges.
- FactOver 12 million criminal cases are currently pending in High Courts.
- BodyChief Justice of India (CJI): Surya Kant.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the institutional and systemic challenges in addressing judicial pendency in India, specifically focusing on the limitations of the ad hoc appointment mechanism.
- Seniority friction: Conflict between judicial hierarchy and the functional necessity of ad hoc appointments
- Structural bottleneck: Inefficiency in clearing the 12 million+ criminal case backlog despite constitutional provisions
- Administrative autonomy: The role of internal judicial deliberations in resolving seniority-based logistical hurdles
Keywords: Judicial Pendency · Article 224A · Ad hoc Judges · Judicial Hierarchy · Institutional Reform
Why in news: The Lok Sabha granted a Parliamentary committee an extension until the 2026 Budget Session to report on Bills proposing the automatic removal of PMs and CMs upon failing to secure bail.
The joint committee is examining the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, and the Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Bill. The committee's term was ending shortly, and it has met only once so far.
Prelims pointers (4)
- BodyThe committee is a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) chaired by Aparajita Sarangi.
- FactThe extension was granted until the first day of the last week of the Budget Session in 2026.
- Act / BillThe committee is reviewing the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill.
- FactThe proposed Bills suggest automatic sacking of ministers if they fail to get bail within one month of arrest in serious criminal matters.
Mains angle
Q. Critically examine the constitutional implications of proposing automatic removal of executive heads based on the failure to secure bail in criminal proceedings.
- Presumption of innocence: Conflict between automatic removal and the legal principle of being innocent until proven guilty
- Executive accountability: Balancing the need for integrity in high office against the right to bail and due process
Keywords: Joint Parliamentary Committee · Presumption of Innocence · Executive Accountability · Constitutional Amendment · Due Process
Why in news: The Indian Ministry of External Affairs summoned the Bangladesh envoy after resuming operations at the Indian Visa Application Centre (IVAC) in Dhaka while suspending operations at two others due to security concerns.
The Indian Visa Application Centre (IVAC) in Dhaka resumed operations following a temporary closure. Simultaneously, IVAC centres in Khulna and Rajshahi were closed on Thursday due to security concerns regarding extremist elements.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceDhaka, Khulna, and Rajshahi are locations of Indian Visa Application Centres (IVAC) in Bangladesh
- BodyThe Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is the Indian body responsible for summoning the Bangladesh envoy
- FactOperations were suspended at two IVAC centres (Khulna and Rajshahi) while resuming at the Dhaka centre
Mains angle
Q. Examine the impact of deteriorating security environments on bilateral diplomatic and consular operations between India and its neighbours.
- Security-Diplomacy Nexus: Balancing consular service delivery with the protection of diplomatic personnel against extremist threats
- Bilateral Friction: Impact of security-related closures on visa processing and people-to-people connectivity
Keywords: Diplomatic Immunity · Consular Services · Extremist Elements · Bilateral Relations · Security Cooperation
Why in news: Russian Consul General Valerii Khodzhaev confirmed the upcoming activation of the Chennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor and Russia's willingness to collaborate on India's nuclear sector.
The Chennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor is a proposed maritime route connecting India and Russia. Russia expressed interest in collaborating with India on nuclear sector development, including private sector involvement.
Prelims pointers (2)
- PlaceChennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor: A maritime route connecting Chennai (India) and Vladivostok (Russia)
- FactRussia expressed willingness to collaborate on India's nuclear sector development including private sector involvement
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the Chennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor in strengthening India-Russia bilateral ties and diversifying India's maritime trade routes.
- Strategic autonomy: Reducing dependence on traditional maritime routes through the Eastern Maritime Corridor
- Nuclear cooperation: Potential for private sector integration in India's nuclear energy infrastructure
- Geopolitical alignment: Strengthening the India-Russia partnership amidst shifting global maritime dynamics
Keywords: Maritime Corridor · Bilateral Relations · Nuclear Cooperation · Strategic Autonomy · Trade Diversification
GS2Polity & Constitution › Federalism & Centre-State relationsMains Why in news: The Supreme Court recorded the appointment of regular Vice-Chancellors for two Kerala universities after the Governor and Chief Minister reached a compromise following judicial intervention.
Dr. Ciza Thomas and Dr. Saji Gopinathan were appointed as regular Vice-Chancellors for APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University and Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology, respectively. These were the first permanent appointments to these positions in five years.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostDr. Ciza Thomas: Appointed as regular Vice-Chancellor of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
- PostDr. Saji Gopinathan: Appointed as regular Vice-Chancellor of Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology
- FactThe positions remained unfilled by permanent appointments for a period of five years
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the constitutional friction between the Governor and the State Government regarding the appointment of Vice-Chancellors and its impact on academic autonomy.
- Institutional deadlock: Prolonged vacancy of academic leadership due to executive-legislative friction
- Federal friction: Conflict over the discretionary powers of the Governor versus state executive authority
Keywords: Federalism · Executive Discretion · Academic Autonomy · Judicial Intervention · Constitutional Morality
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthMains Why in news: Data from 2024 driving license applications revealed that Indian women show a higher willingness to donate organs posthumously despite men being the majority of recipients.
India has a high rate of living organ donations but low deceased organ donations compared to other nations. Data from 2024 driving license applications indicates a gender disparity where men outnumber women among recipients, particularly for liver transplants.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Fact2024 driving license application data revealed higher willingness of women for posthumous organ donation.
- FactMen outnumber women among organ recipients in India.
- FactLiver transplants are a primary area of medical need for male recipients in the study.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the systemic and socio-cultural factors contributing to the disparity between public intent and actual execution in India's deceased organ donation framework.
- Institutional bottleneck: Disconnect between public willingness and hospital capacity for organ procurement
- Socio-cultural disparity: Gendered perceptions of organ donation and medical priority for liver transplants
- Policy gap: Need for systemic improvements to convert public intent into successful deceased donations
Keywords: Organ Donation · Public Intent · Systemic Bottlenecks · Gender Disparity · Healthcare Infrastructure
Why in news: The Delhi High Court questioned the city government's failure to regulate the sale and transfer of used vehicles following a bomb blast near the Red Fort involving a second-hand car.
The Delhi High Court is hearing a petition by the Towards Happy Earth Foundation regarding the lack of accountability in the used-vehicle market. The court noted that only a small fraction of used-vehicle dealers are currently registered under the existing framework.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyDelhi High Court: The judicial body overseeing the petition regarding vehicle regulation.
- FactTowards Happy Earth Foundation: The petitioner highlighting shortcomings in used-vehicle dealer registration.
- PlaceRed Fort: The location of the recent bomb blast involving a second-hand car.
Mains angle
Q. Examine the security implications of unregulated secondary markets for vehicles and suggest a regulatory framework to ensure accountability in vehicle ownership transfers.
- Security loophole: Ease of purchasing unregistered vehicles facilitates use in illicit activities and terror incidents.
- Regulatory oversight: Lack of mandatory registration for all used-vehicle dealers hinders tracking of ownership history.
- Data integrity: Absence of a centralized, real-time database for second-hand vehicle transfers complicates law enforcement.
Keywords: Judicial Activism · Regulatory Oversight · Public Safety · Accountability · Security Infrastructure
GS3 · Economy · S&T · Environment · Security · 21
GS3Economy › External sector, trade & FDIPrelims + Mains Why in news: India and Oman signed a trade pact on December 18, 2025, excluding sensitive domestic sectors like dairy and precious metals from duty concessions to protect local farmers and MSMEs.
The pact signed in Muscat includes a Tariff-Rate Quota (TRQ) mechanism for products like dates, marbles, and petrochemicals. India specifically excluded dairy, gold, silver, footwear, and sports goods from duty concessions to safeguard domestic interests.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactThe annual quota for duty-free dates under the pact is 2,000 tonnes.
- BodyThe Commerce Ministry is the nodal body for managing trade pacts and duty concessions.
- PlaceThe trade pact was signed in Muscat, Oman.
- FactExcluded items from duty concessions include dairy, tea, coffee, rubber, tobacco, gold, silver, jewellery, footwear, and sports goods.
- FactOman has allowed Indian firms to import marble blocks, which were previously a banned export item in the Gulf nation.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of Tariff-Rate Quotas (TRQs) in balancing trade liberalization with the protection of domestic MSMEs and agricultural sectors in India's bilateral trade agreements.
- Strategic protectionism: Balancing trade liberalization with the need to shield labor-intensive MSMEs and sensitive agricultural sectors.
- TRQ mechanism: Utilizing quota-based liberalization to manage import surges while maintaining fiscal revenue from high-volume imports.
Keywords: Tariff-Rate Quota · Trade Liberalization · MSME Protection · Bilateral Trade · Duty Concession · Trade Policy
The Hindu ↗+2 more on this story Why in news: The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) implemented Stage IV of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) in Delhi-NCR to combat severe air pollution.
The CAQM implemented Stage IV of GRAP on December 18, 2025, when the Air Quality Index (AQI) reached 358 (very poor). Measures include a 50% work-from-home policy and a suspension of construction activities with a ₹10,000 one-time compensation for workers.
Prelims pointers (4)
- BodyCAQM: Commission for Air Quality Management is thebody responsible for implementing GRAP in Delhi-NCR
- FactAQI: The air quality index in Delhi was recorded at 358 (very poor) on December 18, 2025
- FactGRAP Stage IV: Includes a 50% work-from-home policy and mandatory PUC certificates
- FactCompensation: ₹10,000 one-time payment for construction workers affected by activity suspension
Mains angle
Q. Critically analyze the effectiveness of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) in managing seasonal air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region.
- Economic trade-off: Balancing immediate industrial/construction output against long-term public health costs
- Administrative friction: Coordinating multi-state enforcement of work-from-home and construction bans
- Social equity: Addressing the livelihood impact on informal construction labor during pollution-driven shutdowns
Keywords: Air Quality Index · Graded Response Action Plan · Commission for Air Quality Management · Public Health · Environmental Governance
GS3Economy › Employment & inclusive growthPrelims + Mains Why in news: The Lok Sabha concluded discussions on the Viksit Bharat - Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill, 2025, which seeks to replace the MGNREGA scheme.
The Lok Sabha discussed the Viksit Bharat - Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill, 2025. Simultaneously, the Rajya Sabha passed the nuclear energy bill and the Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha (Amendment of Insurance Laws) Bill.
Prelims pointers (4)
- Act / BillViksit Bharat - Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill, 2025: Proposed legislation to replace MGNREGA
- FactSabka Bima Sabki Raksha (Amendment of Insurance Laws) Bill: Passed by the Rajya Sabha
- FactNuclear energy bill: Passed by the Rajya Sabha allowing 100% FDI in the insurance sector
- BodyRule 193: Procedure for discussing air pollution in Delhi-NCR in the Lok Sabha
Mains angle
Q. Examine the shift from MGNREGA to the Viksit Bharat - Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill in the context of rural employment and livelihood security.
- Structural shift: Transition from demand-driven manual labor to mission-based livelihood guarantees
- Fiscal sustainability: Balancing rural employment guarantees with long-term infrastructure and productivity goals
Keywords: Rural employment · Livelihood security · Legislative oversight · MGNREGA replacement · Viksit Bharat
GS3Internal Security › Terrorism & insurgency (J&K, North-East)Prelims + Mains Why in news: The Allahabad High Court refused bail to an accused in the Bareilly violence, ruling that the slogan 'sar tan se juda' constitutes a challenge to India's sovereignty and legal authority.
The court addressed the case of Mohd. Rihan, an accused in violence sparked by posters depicting 'I love Mohammed'. It distinguished between religious slogans like 'Allahu Akbar' or 'Jai Shree Ram' and calls for beheading, which it deemed a threat to the state.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactAllahabad High Court ruled that 'sar tan se juda' slogans challenge India's sovereignty and integrity.
- FactThe court clarified that chanting 'nara-e-takbir', 'Allahu Akbar', or 'Jai Shree Ram' is not an offense unless used maliciously.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the legal and security implications of extremist slogans on the sovereignty of the Indian state and the maintenance of communal harmony.
- Legal threshold: Distinguishing between protected religious expression and incitement to violence or beheading.
- Sovereignty risk: The impact of extremist rhetoric on the state's monopoly on the legitimate use of force.
- Communal friction: Balancing freedom of speech with the prevention of communal violence in sensitive zones.
Keywords: Sovereignty · Communal Harmony · Incitement · Rule of Law · Religious Expression
GS3Economy › Monetary policy, RBI & bankingPrelims Why in news: RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra visited IDRBT to urge the development of strategies to mitigate and minimize digital frauds in the banking sector.
RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra visited the Institute for Development & Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT). The discussion focused on balancing security, ease of use, and user ownership of information in digital banking solutions.
Prelims pointers (2)
- BodyIDRBT: Institute for Development & Research in Banking Technology
- FactRBI emphasized training bankers to adapt to a digital work environment
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in securing the digital banking ecosystem in India and the role of institutional collaboration in mitigating cyber-fraud.
- Security-Usability Trade-off: Balancing seamless user experience with robust multi-factor authentication protocols
- Human Capital Gap: Need for specialized training to transition traditional banking staff to digital-first workflows
- Data Sovereignty: Ensuring user ownership of information while maintaining systemic security standards
Keywords: Digital Fraud · Cybersecurity · Banking Technology · Financial Inclusion · Data Ownership
GS3Economy › Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, railways)Prelims Why in news: The Karnataka Cabinet approved the development of three construction debris processing units in Bengaluru under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model to manage urban waste.
The Karnataka Cabinet approved three construction debris processing units and an elevated corridor connecting National Highway-48 to Dharmaveera Sambhaji Circle. The projects include expansion of the Cauvery Water Supply Project and irrigation funding in North Karnataka.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceDharmaveera Sambhaji Circle is a location in Karnataka connected to National Highway-48
- FactConstruction debris processing units in Bengaluru will be developed under a PPP model
- PlaceRaibag and Chikkodi are districts in Karnataka receiving water supply projects
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models in managing urban waste and infrastructure development in rapidly expanding Indian cities.
- Fiscal constraint: Balancing state expenditure on infrastructure vs. waste management infrastructure
- Regulatory oversight: Ensuring private partners adhere to environmental standards in debris processing
- Urban planning: Integrating waste management into the expansion of transport corridors
Keywords: Public-Private Partnership · Urban Waste Management · Infrastructure Development · Circular Economy · Sustainable Urbanization
Why in news: Sarovaram Environment Protection Committee activists protested the continued presence of soil dumped in Kottooli wetlands, alleging police violated orders to protect the urban biodiversity hotspot.
The Kottooli wetlands in Kerala are being considered for Ramsar site status. Activists allege soil was dumped there as evidence during the Vijil murder investigation despite court warnings.
Prelims pointers (2)
- BodySarovaram Environment Protection Committee: activist group protesting wetland degradation
- FactKerala High Court: issued warnings against delays in protecting the Kottooli wetland
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in balancing urban development and law enforcement requirements with the preservation of urban biodiversity hotspots in India.
- Regulatory friction: Conflict between forensic evidence preservation and environmental conservation mandates
- Institutional bottleneck: Delay in implementing High Court directives for wetland protection
- Biodiversity loss: Degradation of urban hotspots due to unauthorized waste and soil dumping
Keywords: Urban biodiversity · Ramsar site · Environmental litigation · Wetland conservation · Public interest advocacy
GS3Economy › Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, railways)Prelims Why in news: NLC India Renewables Limited (NIRL) and SJVN Limited signed a long-term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) for a 200 MW wind power project in Chennai to bolster green energy capacity.
NLC India Renewables Limited (a subsidiary of NLC India Ltd.) and SJVN Limited (a Navaratna PSU under the Ministry of Power) signed the PPA. The project is part of SJVN's 600 MW ISTS-connected wind power project expected to generate 500 million units of green energy annually.
Prelims pointers (4)
- BodySJVN Limited: A Navaratna Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of Power
- FactProject Capacity: 200 MW wind power project in Chennai
- FactAnnual Generation: Expected to produce approximately 500 million units of green energy
- FactParent Project: Part of SJVN Limited’s 600 MW Inter-State Transmission System (ISTS) connected wind power project
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of Public Sector Undertakings in achieving India's renewable energy targets and the role of Inter-State Transmission Systems (ISTS) in grid integration.
- Grid integration: Challenges in managing intermittent wind power supply via ISTS
- Public-Private synergy: Leveraging Navaratna PSU infrastructure for large-scale green energy deployment
Keywords: Renewable Energy · Power Purchase Agreement · ISTS · Green Energy · Navaratna PSU
GS3Economy › Employment & inclusive growthMains Why in news: Karnataka Food Minister K.H. Muniyappa stated the state is seeking to revise BPL categorisation rules to counter Union government guidelines that reduced the BPL population.
The Union government's new guidelines aim to limit the BPL population to 45-50%, resulting in the removal of over 7.76 lakh families from the list. Karnataka officials are currently reviewing cases to issue fresh BPL cards within 15 days.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactUnion government guidelines aim to limit BPL population to 45-50%.
- FactOver 7.76 lakh families were removed from the BPL list due to new Union guidelines.
- PostK.H. Muniyappa is the Food Minister of Karnataka.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in harmonizing state-level welfare distribution with central poverty line definitions to ensure inclusive growth for vulnerable populations.
- Federal friction: Conflict between state-specific welfare needs and centralized poverty threshold definitions
- Inclusion gap: Risk of excluding marginalized households from essential food security nets due to rigid demographic targets
Keywords: Inclusive growth · Federalism · Food security · Poverty alleviation · Policy harmonization
Why in news: The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) Ship Anmol apprehended two Bangladeshi fishing boats and 35 crew members for illegal fishing within India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Bay of Bengal.
On December 16, 2025, the ICG Ship Anmol seized two Bangladeshi fishing boats and approximately 500 kilograms of fish. The apprehended crew and vessels were handed over to the Marine Police at Frazerganj for legal proceedings.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactICG Ship Anmol apprehended 35 crew members from two Bangladeshi fishing boats.
- FactThe seizure included approximately 500 kilograms of fish.
- PlaceThe apprehension occurred within India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Bay of Bengal.
- PlaceThe seized vessels were handed over to the Marine Police at Frazerganj.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges India faces in policing its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) against illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing by neighboring countries.
- Jurisdictional friction: Balancing maritime sovereignty with regional fishing rights in the Bay of Bengal
- Enforcement gap: Monitoring vast maritime areas with limited patrol assets and surveillance technology
Keywords: Exclusive Economic Zone · Maritime Security · IUU Fishing · Sovereignty · Blue Economy
GS3Agriculture › Cropping patterns & irrigationMains Why in news: Deputy Chief Minister D.K. Shivakumar announced an inquiry into Maharashtra's reported over-utilization and diversion of Bhima waters beyond its allocated share.
The Bachawat Commission allocates 95 tmcft of Bhima water to Maharashtra and 15 tmcft to Karnataka. It is alleged that Maharashtra diverts nearly 200 tmcft through a tunnel to the Sina river, impacting Vijayapura, Yadgir, and Kalaburagi districts.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactBachawat Commission allocation for Maharashtra: 95 tmcft
- FactBachawat Commission allocation for Karnataka: 15 tmcft
- PlaceSina river: Destination of diverted Bhima water
- PlaceVijayapura, Yadgir, and Kalaburagi: Districts facing water scarcity in Karnataka
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges of inter-state water sharing in India and the role of commissions in resolving riparian conflicts.
- Inter-state friction: Conflict between state-level irrigation projects and basin-wide water security
- Regulatory oversight: Lack of real-time monitoring for tunnel-based water diversions
- Federal-State dynamics: Balancing regional water demands with equitable distribution mandates
Keywords: Inter-state water disputes · Riparian rights · Bachawat Commission · Water scarcity · Federal friction
GS3Economy › Monetary policy, RBI & bankingPrelims Why in news: RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra urged the Telangana Government to notify the BUDS Act during a meeting with Chief Minister A. Revanth Reddy.
The RBI Governor and the Telangana Chief Minister discussed the Unified Lending Interface (ULI) and the Government Private Deposit Claim campaign. The Governor also expressed appreciation for the state's fiscal policies and urged further reforms.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyRBI: Reserve Bank of India
- FactULI: Unified Lending Interface discussed as a lending initiative
- FactGovernment Private Deposit Claim campaign discussed by RBI
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the Unified Lending Interface (ULI) in enhancing credit flow to MSMEs and the role of state-level fiscal reforms in banking stability.
- Credit accessibility: Streamlining lending processes through standardized digital interfaces like ULI
- Fiscal-Monetary coordination: Aligning state fiscal policies with central banking objectives for regional economic stability
Keywords: Unified Lending Interface · Fiscal Policy · Monetary Policy · Credit Flow · State Reforms
GS3Agriculture › Animal husbandry, fisheries & alliedPrelims Why in news: The Rubber Research Institute of India (RRII) developed a sustainable, VOC-free paint made from natural rubber latex to replace conventional emulsion paints.
The RRII, under the Rubber Board, spent 18 months developing the water-based formula. The product will be marketed by Kerala Paint Industries Pvt. Ltd under the brand 'Kerala Paints – Bhadram'.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyRubber Research Institute of India (RRII) operates under the Rubber Board
- FactThe new paint formula is VOC-free and water-based
- PlaceKerala Paint Industries Pvt. Ltd is the marketing entity for the product
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the development of bio-based industrial products can contribute to India's transition towards a circular economy and sustainable manufacturing.
- Market viability: Balancing the higher production costs of natural rubber latex against conventional synthetic emulsion paints
- Environmental mitigation: Reducing indoor air pollution by eliminating Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in construction materials
Keywords: Circular Economy · Sustainable Manufacturing · Bio-based Materials · VOC Reduction · Value Addition
GS3Economy › Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, railways)Prelims Why in news: The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) conducted comprehensive safety audits at five major airports, including Hyderabad, to ensure aviation safety standards.
The DGCA audited Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Hyderabad) along with Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Patna airports. While no major violations were found, a Level II procedural lapse regarding engine maintenance was identified at Delhi airport.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyDGCA: The regulatory body responsible for safety audits and civil aviation oversight in India
- FactThe audit identified a Level II procedural lapse specifically related to engine maintenance at Delhi airport
- PlaceRajiv Gandhi International Airport is located in Hyderabad
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of independent regulatory oversight in ensuring aviation safety and infrastructure integrity in India's growing aviation sector.
- Regulatory oversight: Balancing rapid infrastructure expansion with stringent safety protocols and audit mechanisms
- Procedural accountability: Addressing maintenance-related lapses through standardized Level-based reporting and corrective actions
Keywords: Regulatory oversight · Aviation safety · Procedural compliance · Infrastructure integrity · Corrective action
GS3Economy › Industry, investment & MSMEsPrelims Why in news: Studio Saar is designing a sustainable PCB factory in Sehore, Madhya Pradesh for Secure Meters to reduce India's reliance on imported printed circuit boards (PCBs).
The factory in Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, aims to supply 30% of India's demand for PCBs. It will employ 1,000 people and utilize passive, circular, and regenerative design principles including rainwater conservation and solar panels.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactThe project aims to supply 30% of India's demand for PCBs.
- PlaceThe factory is located in Sehore, Madhya Pradesh.
- FactThe facility is expected to employ 1,000 people.
- S&TThe project incorporates passive, circular, and regenerative design principles.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how promoting high-tech manufacturing and circular economy principles can enhance India's self-reliance in the electronics supply chain.
- Supply chain resilience: Reducing dependency on global markets for critical electronic components like PCBs
- Circular economy integration: Utilizing regenerative design and rewilding to mitigate industrial environmental footprints
Keywords: Self-reliance · Circular Economy · High-tech Manufacturing · Supply Chain Resilience · Regenerative Design
GS3Economy › Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, railways)Prelims + Mains Why in news: Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari announced a plan to implement AI-based barrier-free toll collection at all 1,050 toll plazas by 2026.
The government plans to transition to a seamless toll system using AI technology to eliminate the need for vehicles to stop at booths. An annual FASTag pass costing ₹3,000 has been introduced, allowing private cars to cross 200 toll plazas annually.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactThe government aims for barrier-free toll collection at 1,050 toll plazas by 2026.
- FactThe annual FASTag pass costs ₹3,000 and covers 200 toll plazas.
- FactThe current cost of crossing 200 toll plazas without the annual pass is ₹15,000.
- S&TThe proposed barrier-free system will utilize AI-based technology.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the integration of AI-based technologies in infrastructure projects can enhance logistical efficiency and reduce economic friction in India.
- Operational efficiency: Reduction in vehicle idling time and congestion at toll plazas
- Fiscal impact: Cost-benefit analysis of AI infrastructure investment vs. manual toll collection
- Data privacy: Challenges in managing high-frequency vehicle tracking data via AI
Keywords: Logistical efficiency · Digital infrastructure · AI integration · Seamless mobility · Fiscal optimization
GS3Economy › External sector, trade & FDIMains Why in news: Tamil Nadu CM M.K. Stalin wrote to PM Modi seeking a resolution to the 50% U.S. tariffs on Indian exports to protect the livelihoods of 75 lakh workers.
The U.S. has imposed 50% tariffs on Indian exports, specifically impacting the textile, apparel, leather, and footwear sectors. The CM reported a daily revenue loss of ₹60 crore for exporters across various districts in Tamil Nadu.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactU.S. tariffs on Indian exports: 50%
- FactDaily revenue loss for Tamil Nadu exporters: ₹60 crore
- FactWorkers affected in textile and apparel sectors: over 75 lakh
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the impact of unilateral trade barriers on India's manufacturing sector and suggest measures to strengthen India's position in global trade negotiations.
- Trade imbalance: High sensitivity of labor-intensive sectors like textiles and leather to sudden tariff hikes
- Diplomatic leverage: Need for robust bilateral trade agreements to mitigate unilateral protectionist measures by major trading partners
Keywords: Trade barriers · Export-oriented industries · Bilateral trade · Manufacturing reputation · Protectionism
Why in news: The Committee on Tribal Unity (COTU) warned against a peace expedition by transgender activist Malem Thongam in Kangpokpi district to prevent escalating ethnic tensions.
The ethnic clashes between Kuki and Meitei communities in Manipur have resulted in over 260 deaths and thousands of displaced people since May 2023. Security has been increased along NH-2 in Kangpokpi district following the COTU warning.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceKangpokpi: A district in Manipur where ethnic clashes between Kuki and Meitei communities have occurred.
- FactOver 260 deaths reported in Manipur ethnic clashes since May 2023.
- FactNH-2: The national highway in Kangpokpi district where security was increased.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in restoring communal harmony in Manipur and the role of civil society in mediating ethnic conflicts.
- Identity-based polarization: Deep-seated ethnic grievances between Kuki and Meitei communities hindering reconciliation
- Security-civilian friction: Balancing freedom of movement for activists against the risk of triggering communal violence
- Institutional gap: Need for effective local mediation mechanisms to address displacement and communal grievances
Keywords: communal harmony · ethnic conflict · civil society mediation · internal security · displacement
GS3Economy › Industry, investment & MSMEsPrelims Why in news: The DPIIT launched an online module to streamline the issuance of e-visas for foreign professionals, specifically addressing Indian firms' concerns regarding visa delays for Chinese technical experts.
The DPIIT launched an online module on November 29th to allow domestic companies to generate digital sponsorship letters for foreign professionals. The system facilitates entry under the B-4 visa category for production-related activities like machine installation.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyDPIIT: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade
- FactB-4 visa category: Used for foreign experts for production-related activities
- S&TOnline module launched on November 29th for digital sponsorship letter generation
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how streamlining visa processes for foreign technical experts can bolster India's manufacturing capabilities and industrial growth.
- Supply chain bottleneck: Reducing delays in machine installation and production setup for domestic firms
- Strategic trade-off: Balancing ease of entry for foreign experts with national security and industrial sovereignty
Keywords: Ease of Doing Business · Industrial Growth · Technical Expertise · Digital Governance · Manufacturing Infrastructure
Why in news: Security personnel killed three Maoist members, including a woman, during a search operation in Chhattisgarh's Sukma district.
The encounter occurred in Sukma district, Chhattisgarh, during a search operation based on intelligence reports. As of December 2025, the total number of Maoist deaths in encounters this year reached 284, with the majority of fatalities occurring in the Bastar division.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceSukma district is located in the state of Chhattisgarh
- FactTotal Maoist deaths in encounters in 2025 reached 284
- FactBastar division is the primary region for Maoist fatalities in Chhattisgarh
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the persistent challenges in neutralizing Left Wing Extremism in the Bastar region despite intensified security operations and development initiatives.
- Intelligence-led policing: Effectiveness of real-time intelligence in preempting Maoist movement
- Developmental friction: Balancing security-led operations with the socio-economic needs of tribal populations
Keywords: Left Wing Extremism · Internal Security · Counter-insurgency · Intelligence-led policing · Bastar Division
Why in news: Google, OpenAI, and Perplexity are offering free AI services in India to capture the market and gather multilingual training data, leading to India becoming the largest market for daily users of ChatGPT and Gemini.
Google launched Gemini AI Pro and OpenAI launched ChatGPT Go as free versions to attract Indian users. India has emerged as the largest market globally for daily users of both ChatGPT and Gemini services.
Prelims pointers (4)
- S&TGemini AI Pro: A free AI service launched by Google to capture the Indian market.
- S&TChatGPT Go: A free version of OpenAI's chatbot launched for Indian users.
- FactIndia is currently the largest market by daily users for both ChatGPT and Gemini.
- S&TPerplexity: An AI service offering free services in India to gather multilingual training data.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the implications of large-scale AI data harvesting on individual privacy and the importance of establishing a robust data protection framework in India.
- Privacy-Utility Trade-off: Balancing the benefits of free AI services against the risks of unauthorized data harvesting.
- Data Sovereignty: Challenges in regulating the flow of Indian user data to global AI corporations.
- Digital Divide: Risk of unequal access to advanced AI tools despite the availability of free versions.
Keywords: Data Privacy · Artificial Intelligence · Data Harvesting · Digital Sovereignty · Multilingual Training Data
These are SatyaDheesh's own UPSC notes, written from reports published in The Hindu. SatyaDheesh is not affiliated with The Hindu. Every note links to the original report; read it in full on thehindu.com. How these notes are made