GS2 · Polity · Governance · IR · 12
Why in news: The Supreme Court clarified that women in 'marriage-like' live-in relationships are protected under Section 498A of the IPC against harassment by partners or in-laws.
The Supreme Court upheld a Karnataka High Court decision regarding Section 498A. The court ruled that protection applies to live-in relationships if the 'intent to marry' is proven, covering mental or physical injury caused by the partner or their relatives.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Act / BillSection 498A of the IPC deals with cruelty by the husband or his relatives towards the woman.
- BodyThe Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial body in the country.
- FactThe ruling clarifies that 'marriage-like' live-in relationships are eligible for protection under the said section.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the judicial evolution of the definition of 'marriage' and 'domestic violence' in the context of live-in relationships in India.
- legal recognition of live-in relationships
- protection of women's rights
- judicial interpretation of IPC sections
- social shift in domestic dynamics
Keywords: Judicial Interpretation · Domestic Violence · Legal Protection · Live-in Relationships · Gender Justice
Why in news: Donald Trump announced a halt on planned strikes against Iran to initiate negotiations involving Gulf allies over the Strait of Hormuz and denuclearization.
The US President announced talks starting Monday involving Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, and Oman. The primary objectives of the negotiations are a deal over the Strait of Hormuz and Iran's denuclearization. Oil prices saw a decline following the announcement of eased tensions.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceStrait of Hormuz: A strategic waterway connecting the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea.
- FactKey participants in the proposed talks include Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, and Oman.
- S&TDenuclearization: The process of removing nuclear weapons and materials from a country.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the Strait of Hormuz in global energy security and the role of multilateral diplomacy in managing Middle Eastern tensions.
- Geopolitical significance of the Strait
- Impact on global oil markets
- Role of regional powers (Saudi, UAE) in mediation
Keywords: Energy Security · Multilateralism · Denuclearization · Geopolitics
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims + Mains Why in news: The World Bank and WHO highlighted a significant decline in per capita public health spending and development assistance in LMICs following the COVID-19 pandemic.
Public health spending in LMICs is currently about half of minimum benchmarks despite narrowing GDP gaps. Major donors including the US, UK, France, and Germany have announced significant cuts to foreign assistance programs in early 2025.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactOECD predicts health funding could drop up to 60% from its 2022 peak.
- FactThe US announced a 67% cut to its foreign assistance programme in early 2025.
- BodyDAH (Development Assistance for Health) peaked during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries in maintaining public health infrastructure amidst declining international development assistance.
- funding gap vs. minimum benchmarks
- impact of reduced DAH on global health security
- need for sustainable domestic health financing
Keywords: Development Assistance for Health (DAH) · LMICs · Public Health Spending · Global Health Governance · Fiscal Sustainability
Why in news: The capture of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro by US forces and the subsequent control of Venezuela's oil revenues by the US marks a significant shift in Western intervention in South America.
US forces captured Nicolas Maduro in January and transported him to New York on drug-trafficking charges. The US currently controls Venezuela's oil revenues and supports interim leader Delcy Rodriquez in negotiations with opposition factions.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceVenezuela: A South American country known for its significant oil reserves.
- FactNicolas Maduro: Former President of Venezuela captured on drug-trafficking charges.
- PostDelcy Rodriquez: Current interim leader of Venezuela involved in brokering negotiations.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the implications of unilateral extra-regional interventions on the sovereignty of smaller nations and the stability of global energy markets.
- sovereignty concerns
- global oil market volatility
- geopolitical shift in South America
Keywords: sovereignty · extra-regional intervention · geopolitics · energy security
Why in news: The Medical Counselling Committee (MCC) announced the UG NEET 2026 counselling schedule, which faces potential delays due to the non-submission of the seat matrix by Karnataka's Department of Medical Education.
The MCC schedule spans from August 13 to September 26, including a stray vacancy round in October. There are 15,495 MBBS seats across 75 colleges for the academic session starting September 8.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyMedical Counselling Committee (MCC): Body responsible for coordinating medical and dental seat allotment in India.
- FactTotal MBBS seats available for the session: 15,495 across 75 colleges.
- BodyKarnataka Examinations Authority (KEA): State body responsible for conducting entrance exams and counselling in Karnataka.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in the centralized and decentralized coordination of medical seat allocations in India and suggest measures to ensure transparency and timely admissions.
- inter-departmental coordination
- transparency in seat matrix
- standardization of counselling
- impact on student aspirations
Keywords: administrative bottleneck · centralized counselling · seat matrix · educational governance · transparency
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims Why in news: The Delhi High Court directed MCD and NDMC to conduct trial sterilization and vaccination camps for stray dogs to balance public safety with animal welfare.
The Delhi High Court issued the order following a suo motu public interest litigation. The mandate requires the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) and New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) to select one ward each for trial camps with clear public signage.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyMCD: Municipal Corporation of Delhi, responsible for civic bodies and municipal services.
- BodyNDMC: New Delhi Municipal Council, the local body for the New Delhi area.
- FactThe court order emphasizes sterilization and vaccination as the primary methods for stray dog management.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in balancing public safety with animal rights in urban centers. How can municipal bodies effectively implement stray dog management policies?
- public safety concerns
- animal welfare rights
- municipal infrastructure and logistics
- legal framework and Supreme Court guidelines
Keywords: public interest litigation · animal welfare · urban management · suo motu · public safety
GS2International Relations › Policies of other countries affecting IndiaPrelims Why in news: The death and entrapment of 17 Indian seafarers due to geopolitical conflicts in Ukraine and Iran highlights the vulnerability of India's maritime workforce.
India is the second-largest supplier of seafarers globally. Since February, 17 Indian seafarers have died and 166 remain trapped on ships due to attacks by Iranian and American forces.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactIndia is the second-largest global supplier of seafarers.
- PlaceConflict zones affecting shipping include the Ukraine region and the Persian Gulf (Iran).
- Fact166 Indian seafarers are currently reported trapped on ships since February.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges faced by Indian seafarers in global shipping lanes and suggest measures to ensure their safety amidst escalating geopolitical conflicts.
- geopolitical risks
- maritime security
- diplomatic intervention
- safety protocols
Keywords: maritime security · geopolitical conflict · humanitarian crisis · blue economy · diplomatic action
Why in news: The Supreme Court issued a notice to the Centre to identify an alternative site to Jantar Mantar for protests to address public inconvenience and logistical issues.
The Supreme Court is considering Ramlila Maidan as a potential alternative to Jantar Mantar for public protests. The plea was filed by Satish Chand Kaushik, citing disruptions to services and crowd management difficulties.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodySupreme Court of India: The highest judicial body in India, exercising judicial review.
- PlaceJantar Mantar: A public space in New Delhi historically used for peaceful protests.
- PlaceRamlila Maidan: A large open space in Delhi often used for cultural events and protests.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the balance between the fundamental right to protest and the state's obligation to maintain public order and ensure the smooth functioning of urban infrastructure.
- Right to peaceful assembly vs. public convenience
- Urban planning and crowd management
- Role of judiciary in balancing competing rights
Keywords: Right to Protest · Public Order · Judicial Review · Urban Management · Constitutional Balance
Why in news: The Supreme Court permitted Delhi and other states to withdraw protest-related cases following a government assurance against legal action, highlighting the balance between the right to protest and law enforcement.
The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Surya Kant, ruled on the withdrawal of FIRs against protesters. A high-powered committee was ordered to probe 20 incidents of violence during the Cockroach Janta Party's march in July.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodySupreme Court of India: The highest judicial body in the country.
- FactThe court ordered a probe into 20 specific incidents of violence from July.
- PostSolicitor General: The highest-ranking law officer of the Government of India.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the constitutional balance between the right to peaceful protest and the state's duty to maintain public order and rule of law.
- Fundamental rights vs. Public order
- Judicial oversight of executive actions
- Rule of law and criminal antecedents
Keywords: Right to Protest · Rule of Law · Judicial Review · Public Order · Criminal Antecedents
GS2Governance › Role of civil servicesPrelims Why in news: The Indian government restructured the ministry by splitting it into two distinct departments—Capital Development and Urban Development—to streamline infrastructure projects and urban policy.
The ministry was split into the Department of Capital Development and the Department of Urban Development. Secretary Srinivas Katikithala handed over charge to D Thara for capital development, while Satendra Singh was appointed as secretary for urban development.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostSecretary: A senior civil servant (Group A) who heads a department or ministry division.
- FactThe split involves two specific departments: Capital Development and Urban Development.
- BodyDepartmental restructuring is a tool used by the executive to improve administrative efficiency.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the restructuring of administrative departments can enhance the efficiency of urban infrastructure development in India.
- administrative efficiency
- policy focus
- infrastructure bottlenecks
- decentralized governance
Keywords: administrative restructuring · policy implementation · infrastructure development · civil service efficiency
Why in news: The Indian government confirmed progress in India-Canada Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) negotiations and planned PM Modi's visit to boost bilateral ties.
Three rounds of CEPA negotiations have been held, with the most recent in Ottawa (July 6-10). The agreement aims to reduce tariffs and liberalize trade in goods and services between India and Canada.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactCanada's GDP (PPP) is $2.34 trillion with a population of 41.65 million.
- FactBilateral trade between India and Canada stood at $8.66 billion in 2024-25.
- BodyCEPA: A proposed trade agreement to eliminate/reduce tariffs and liberalize trade in goods and services.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements (CEPAs) in enhancing India's position in the global value chain and boosting bilateral trade.
- market access for Indian services
- tariff reduction benefits
- strategic economic cooperation
Keywords: bilateral trade · liberalization · economic cooperation · market access
Why in news: Heavy flooding in Assam's five districts has caused significant casualties and agricultural damage, highlighting the recurring vulnerability of the Brahmaputra basin.
As of August 2, 2026, 1.35 lakh people were affected across Charaideo, Dhemaji, Golaghat, Jorhat, and Sivasagar. The floods inundated 335 villages and damaged 15,422 hectares of farmland, with the Dhansiri river exceeding danger levels.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PlaceSivasagar, Dhemaji, and Jorhat are districts in the state of Assam.
- BodyASDMA: Assam State Disaster Management Authority.
- FactDhansiri River: A major tributary of the Brahmaputra river.
- Fact15,422 hectares of farmland were damaged by the floods in the affected districts.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in flood management in the Brahmaputra basin and suggest measures to mitigate the socio-economic impact on agrarian communities.
- topographical vulnerability
- infrastructure gaps
- climate change impact
- way forward: community-led early warning systems
Keywords: disaster resilience · agrarian distress · hydrological risk · mitigation strategies
GS3 · Economy · S&T · Environment · Security · 14
GS3Agriculture › Cropping patterns & irrigationPrelims + Mains Why in news: ICRISAT secured CRISPR Cas9 rights from Corteva and The Broad Institute to enhance crop yields and resilience in pulses and sorghum to bolster food security.
ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for International Agriculture) secured humanitarian rights for CRISPR Cas9 technology. The technology targets chickpea, pigeon pea, and sorghum to improve yields without introducing foreign genes.
Prelims pointers (3)
- S&TCRISPR Cas9: A gene-editing tool that allows precise changes to DNA sequences.
- BodyICRISAT: An international research organization focused on improving agriculture in dry-land regions.
- FactTarget crops for the technology include chickpea, pigeon pea, and sorghum.
Mains angle
Q. How can gene-editing technologies like CRISPR contribute to achieving India's food security goals while ensuring sustainable agricultural practices?
- yield enhancement
- climate resilience
- reduction in import dependency
- biotech safety regulations
Keywords: Food Security · Gene Editing · CRISPR Cas9 · Agricultural Innovation · Crop Resilience
GS3Economy › Capital markets & SEBIPrelims Why in news: SEBI extended the deadline for Investment Advisers (IAs) and Research Analysts (RAs) to register with the PaRRVA platform to ensure smooth implementation of performance data certification.
PaRRVA became operational on May 4, 2025. SEBI extended the enrollment deadline from August 3, 2026, to September 3, 2026. Entities failing to enroll will be barred from sharing certified past performance data with clients.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodySEBI: The primary regulator for the securities and capital markets in India.
- FactPaRRVA: A platform for Investment Advisers and Research Analysts to register and certify past performance data.
- FactDeadline: Extended to September 3, 2026, for mandatory enrollment.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the regulation of investment advisers and research analysts contributes to investor protection and the integrity of the Indian capital markets.
- investor protection
- transparency in performance data
- market integrity
- regulatory oversight
Keywords: investor protection · market integrity · regulatory framework · transparency · capital markets
GS3Economy › Capital markets & SEBIPrelims Why in news: The Government of India is initiating an Offer for Sale (OFS) of a 6.5% stake in LIC to meet SEBI's minimum public shareholding norms.
The government plans to sell a 6.5% stake in LIC at a price of Rs 382 per share, aiming to raise approximately Rs 31,000 crore. This move is intended to bring the public shareholding above the 10% threshold required by SEBI.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactGovernment currently holds a 96.5% stake in LIC.
- FactThe offer price for the LIC stake is set at Rs 382 per share.
- BodySEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) mandates minimum public shareholding for listed companies.
- FactThe deadline to meet the 10% public shareholding requirement is May 16, 2027.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the implications of privatizing stakes in Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) like LIC on the Indian capital markets and fiscal health.
- fiscal deficit reduction
- market liquidity
- governance and efficiency
- impact on public trust
Keywords: Offer for Sale (OFS) · Public Shareholding · Disinvestment · Capital Markets · Fiscal Consolidation
Why in news: The State Environment Impact Assessment Authority approved the Musi Riverfront Development project despite environmentalists' claims of pharmaceutical residues and AMR markers in the river sediment.
The Musi Riverfront Development Corporation Limited (MRDCL) reported sediment between twin reservoirs and Bapughat as free of hazardous material. Environmentalists counter-claimed high levels of pharmaceutical residues and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) markers in the same stretch.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PlaceMusi River: A major river in Telangana, India.
- BodyState Environment Impact Assessment Authority: Body responsible for environmental clearance of projects.
- BodyState Expert Appraisal Committee: Technical body providing expert advice on environmental impacts.
- S&TAMR: Antimicrobial Resistance refers to the ability of microbes to resist drugs.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges of balancing urban infrastructure development with environmental preservation in riverfront rejuvenation projects. How can robust monitoring mitigate pollution risks?
- environmental impact assessment (EIA) integrity
- public health risks of AMR
- remediation strategies
- transparency in environmental clearances
Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) · Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) · Riverfront Development · Pollution Mitigation · Sustainable Urbanization
GS3Economy › Fiscal policy, budget & taxation (GST)Prelims Why in news: The Centre hiked windfall taxes on fuel exports to manage domestic supply and price volatility triggered by the Iran conflict.
The export duty on petrol increased from ₹2.5 to ₹3.5 per litre. Diesel export duty rose from ₹15.5 to ₹25.5 per litre, and Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) rose from ₹14.5 to ₹22 per litre.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactPetrol export duty hike: ₹2.5 to ₹3.5 per litre
- FactDiesel export duty hike: ₹15.5 to ₹25.5 per litre
- FactATF export duty hike: ₹14.5 to ₹22 per litre
- BodyWindfall tax is a levy on 'excess' profits from commodities like oil and coal.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of fiscal instruments like windfall taxes in ensuring energy security and stabilizing domestic markets during global geopolitical conflicts.
- Energy security
- Fiscal policy as a stabilizer
- Impact of geopolitical volatility on domestic inflation
Keywords: Windfall tax · Energy security · Fiscal policy · Market volatility · Supply-side management
Why in news: The historical context of Minamata disease is highlighted as a catalyst for global mercury regulation and the Minamata Convention.
In 1932, Chisso Corporation released mercury-laden wastewater into Minamata Bay. By 1956, a neurological disorder (Minamata disease) was identified, caused by methylmercury biomagnification in seafood.
Prelims pointers (3)
- S&TMethylmercury: A potent neurotoxin that biomagnifies in marine food chains.
- Intl. orgMinamata Convention: A global treaty adopted in 2013 to protect human health and the environment from mercury.
- FactMinamata disease: A neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the Minamata Convention in addressing industrial pollution and its impact on global public health and environmental safety.
- biomagnification process
- industrial accountability
- global regulatory framework
- prevention of heavy metal poisoning
Keywords: biomagnification · neurotoxicity · industrial pollution · environmental governance · public health
GS3Economy › Capital markets & SEBIPrelims Why in news: SEBI barred ZEEL founders and CEO from the securities market for unauthorized pledging of assets and non-compliance with audit findings.
SEBI imposed a Rs 1.48 crore penalty on Subhash Chandra and Punit Goenka for unauthorized pledging of ZEEL's Hyderabad land. The action followed a Deloitte audit finding that original title deeds were missing and had been deposited with Indiabulls Housing Finance in 2018.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodySEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) is the primary regulator for the securities market in India.
- FactThe penalty imposed by SEBI on the ZEEL founders was Rs 1.48 crore.
- FactThe unauthorized pledging was linked to Essel Group loans worth Rs 726 crore.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of regulatory oversight by SEBI in ensuring corporate governance and protecting minority shareholders from unauthorized asset pledging.
- regulatory enforcement
- corporate governance
- investor protection
- transparency in asset pledging
Keywords: regulatory oversight · corporate governance · securities market · transparency · compliance
GS3Science & Technology › Space technology (ISRO, missions)Prelims Why in news: NASA's Ingenuity helicopter completed its historic mission on Mars, having exceeded its original flight goals to prove the feasibility of powered flight in thin atmospheres.
The Ingenuity helicopter, weighing 1.8 kg, was part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission. It landed in Jezero Crater on February 18, 2021, and completed 72 flights over 1,004 sols, covering over 17 kilometers.
Prelims pointers (4)
- S&TIngenuity: The first aircraft to achieve powered, controlled flight on another planet (Mars).
- FactMars atmosphere density: Less than 1% as dense as Earth's atmosphere.
- PlaceJezero Crater: The landing site for the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter.
- S&TMars 2020 mission: The NASA mission that deployed both the Perseverance rover and the Ingenuity helicopter.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the success of the Ingenuity helicopter mission signifies a paradigm shift in planetary exploration and the future of extraterrestrial aerial mobility.
- technological feasibility in low-density atmospheres
- scouting and reconnaissance capabilities
- future of multi-planetary exploration
Keywords: technological demonstration · planetary exploration · aerospace engineering · autonomous scouting
Why in news: A study by UC Berkeley and PARC reveals that Harlequin frogs lose their toxic skin defense in captivity, complicating conservation efforts against the chytrid fungus.
81% of Harlequin frog species (Atelopus) are in decline, with 56% possibly extinct. Research shows captive-born frogs lack tetrodotoxin, a key defense against predators. The Harlequin Toad Conservation Action Plan (HarleCAP) is a 20-year initiative to save these species.
Prelims pointers (4)
- EnvironmentHarlequin frogs (Atelopus) are known for their toxic skin defense.
- EnvironmentChytrid fungus is a major driver of amphibian population decline globally.
- Fact56% of Harlequin frog species are currently classified as possibly extinct.
- S&TTetrodotoxin is a potent neurotoxin used by certain species as a chemical defense.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges faced in ex-situ conservation of endangered amphibians and the role of biological defenses in species survival.
- impact of captive breeding on genetic/biological traits
- threat of chytrid fungus
- role of HarleCAP in long-term conservation
- biotechnology interventions for toxin restoration
Keywords: ex-situ conservation · biodiversity loss · chemical defense · chytrid fungus · species extinction
GS3Economy › Fiscal policy, budget & taxation (GST)Prelims Why in news: The Punjab and Haryana High Court ordered the Punjab Government to clear ₹14,191 crore in pending Dearness Allowance (DA) arrears for six lakh employees and pensioners.
The Punjab and Haryana High Court directed the clearance of DA arrears amounting to ₹14,191 crore within 15 days. The court imposed a 6% interest penalty for delays exceeding one month and barred non-essential spending until the dues are settled.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactTotal DA arrears to be cleared: ₹14,191 crore
- FactNumber of employees and pensioners affected: nearly six lakh
- FactInterest penalty for delays beyond one month: 6%
- BodyPunjab and Haryana High Court: State High Court for Punjab and Haryana
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges faced by state governments in managing fiscal liabilities and the role of the judiciary in ensuring the timely disbursement of employee benefits.
- fiscal deficit implications
- judicial activism vs. executive autonomy
- impact on public service morale
- way forward: systematic payroll management
Keywords: fiscal liability · judicial oversight · public expenditure · dearness allowance · state finances
Why in news: The Ministry of Railways sanctioned ₹272 crore for a 17-km railway line near the India-China-Bhutan tri-junction to enhance border connectivity and tourism.
The project involves a 17-km rail link from Khunia More to Jaldhaka in North Bengal. The sanction of ₹272 crore aims to strengthen infrastructure in sensitive border regions following the Doklam standoff.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceKhunia More and Jaldhaka are located in the North Bengal region near the tri-junction of India, China, and Bhutan.
- FactThe sanctioned amount for the new railway line is ₹272 crore.
- FactThe railway line spans a distance of 17 km.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of infrastructure development in border regions for India's national security and regional connectivity.
- strategic deterrence
- economic integration of border areas
- logistical efficiency
Keywords: strategic infrastructure · border management · connectivity · national security
GS3Economy › Employment & inclusive growthPrelims Why in news: The 8th Pay Commission has closed the data submission window for employee pay structures and allowances to begin drafting recommendations.
The commission is collecting data on employee details, pay structures, allowances, and vacancies from ministries, departments, and Union Territories. Consultations with unions and pensioners will be held in Delhi, Chennai, Puducherry, and Chandigarh.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactThe 8th Pay Commission is tasked with reviewing and recommending revisions to the pay structure for central government employees.
- BodyPay Commissions are established by the Government of India to review the emoluments and allowances of central government employees.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of Pay Commissions in maintaining the morale of civil servants and the fiscal implications of periodic salary revisions on the national economy.
- fiscal deficit impact
- inflation-adjusted living standards
- civil service motivation
- budgetary constraints
Keywords: fiscal implications · emoluments · pay structure · budgetary allocation · civil service morale
GS3Science & Technology › Biotechnology & health researchPrelims Why in news: Researchers at the Central University of Kerala secured an Indian patent for a multifunctional catalyst to convert biomass into cleaner fuels, advancing India's biofuel and petrochemical efficiency.
The patent (No. 596368) covers the 'Method for the Preparation of ITQ-2 Metal Oxy-Hydroxide Composite Material'. It integrates acidic and redox properties into a single material to convert biomass and petrochemical feedstocks into cleaner fuels.
Prelims pointers (3)
- S&TITQ-2 Metal Oxy-Hydroxide Composite Material is a multifunctional catalyst for fuel production.
- FactIndian Patent No. 596368 was granted to researchers at the Central University of Kerala.
- S&TThe technology utilizes both acidic and redox properties in a single material for enhanced efficiency.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of indigenous catalyst technologies in achieving India's goals for biofuel production and reducing dependency on fossil fuels.
- technological sovereignty
- decarbonization of the petroleum industry
- biomass waste management
- commercial scalability
Keywords: catalyst technology · biomass conversion · petrochemical feedstocks · cleaner fuels · indigenous innovation
GS3Economy › Monetary policy, RBI & bankingPrelims Why in news: The Reserve Bank of India reported significant FCNR(B) inflows, with experts revising upward the year-end deposit estimates to bolster the balance of payments.
The RBI reported $40.81 billion in foreign exchange inflows up to July 31. FCNR(B) deposits reached $36.72 billion since June 8, with revised forecasts suggesting a potential total of $90 billion by December 31.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactFCNR(B) deposits reached $36.72 billion as of July 31.
- FactRevised forecasts for FCNR(B) inflows suggest a total of up to $90 billion.
- S&TFCNR(B) stands for Foreign Currency Non-Resident (Bank) deposits.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of FCNR(B) deposits in managing India's Balance of Payments and stabilizing the domestic currency.
- Capital account stability
- Foreign exchange reserves management
- Impact on exchange rate volatility
Keywords: Balance of Payments · Capital Inflows · Foreign Exchange Reserves · Monetary Stability
Notes are generated automatically from SatyaDheesh's news feed and mapped to the UPSC CSE syllabus. Check facts against the original report or PIB before using them in an answer.