GS2 · Polity · Governance · IR · 16
GS2Polity & Constitution › Judiciary & landmark judgmentsMains Why in news: Rajasthan's Chief Secretary announced plans to formulate a new policy to strengthen arbitration proceedings in state litigation to improve inter-departmental coordination and promote alternative dispute resolution (ADR).
The Rajasthan government is reviewing the implementation of the State Litigation Policy-2018. The proposed policy aims to ensure stricter compliance with court orders and streamline arbitration for cases involving state departments.
Prelims pointers (2)
- BodyState Litigation Policy-2018: A policy framework for managing litigation involving state departments in Rajasthan
- FactArbitration: A form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) being promoted by the Rajasthan government to reduce litigation burden
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the promotion of arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) can reduce the pendency of cases in Indian courts and improve ease of doing business.
- Institutional bottleneck: Lack of standardized arbitration protocols across various state departments
- Legal friction: Balancing the finality of arbitration awards with the right to judicial review
- Administrative efficiency: Reducing the fiscal burden of prolonged litigation on state exchequers
Keywords: Alternative Dispute Resolution · Ease of Doing Business · Litigation Management · Inter-departmental Coordination · Arbitration Policy
GS2Social Justice › Vulnerable sections (SC/ST, minorities, disabled, elderly, children)Prelims + Mains Why in news: The Indian government marked the first anniversary of the Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan with a 100-day awareness campaign to address child marriage.
The government launched the Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan to reduce child marriage rates. The UN and Girls Not Brides have warned that child marriage impacts other Sustainable Development Goals.
Prelims pointers (4)
- SchemeBeti Bachao Beti Padhao: A government scheme aiming to empower girls through education and financial support.
- SchemeKanyashree: A scheme offering incentives for girls' education.
- Act / BillPrevention of Child Marriage Act: Legislation aimed at prohibiting child marriage in India.
- FactBal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan: A campaign celebrating its first anniversary with a 100-day awareness drive.
Mains angle
Q. Critically analyze the socio-cultural barriers to ending child marriage in India despite existing legislative frameworks and government schemes.
- Socio-cultural inertia: Deep-seated norms and low education levels hindering the efficacy of the Prevention of Child Marriage Act
- Policy trade-offs: Concerns over criminalizing specific communities versus the necessity of raising the legal marriage age
- Inter-sectoral linkages: The impact of child marriage on achieving broader Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Keywords: Socio-cultural norms · Legislative framework · Sustainable Development Goals · Gender empowerment · Social justice
GS2Polity & Constitution › Elections, ECI & electoral reformsPrelims Why in news: More than half of the electors removed from the integrated draft electoral roll in Tamil Nadu following the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) exercise were concentrated in two clusters: Chennai and Tiruppur.
The Chennai and Tiruppur clusters, comprising eight districts, accounted for 50.17% of the total electors removed from the integrated draft electoral roll. Experts attribute these high deletion rates to high concentrations of migrant workers linked to industrial activity in these areas.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Fact50.17% of total electors removed in Tamil Nadu were concentrated in the Chennai and Tiruppur clusters.
- FactThe Chennai and Tiruppur clusters comprise a total of eight districts.
- PlaceChennai and Tiruppur are identified as the primary clusters for elector deletions in Tamil Nadu.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in maintaining accurate electoral rolls in industrial hubs with high migrant populations and suggest measures to ensure inclusive voter registration.
- Data integrity: Difficulty in tracking transient populations and migrant workers in industrial clusters
- Inclusion gap: Risk of disenfranchising migrant workers due to high deletion rates in industrial zones
Keywords: electoral roll · Special Intensive Revision · migrant workers · industrial activity · voter disenfranchisement
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims + Mains Why in news: The CAG flagged significant gaps in disaster management preparedness and fire safety mechanisms across state hospitals in Karnataka.
The CAG audit revealed that most hospitals lacked evacuation plans and disaster management committees. Deficiencies included a lack of essential fire safety equipment like fire hydrants and smoke detectors.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactAudit finding: Most hospitals in Karnataka lacked evacuation plans and fire safety mechanisms
- SchemeNational Disaster Management Guidelines for Hospital Safety
Mains angle
Q. Examine the institutional and infrastructural challenges in ensuring disaster-resilient healthcare infrastructure in India's public health system.
- Regulatory oversight: Lack of mandatory fire safety audits and equipment certification in state-run hospitals
- Infrastructure gap: Shortage of specialized fire-fighting equipment and smoke detection systems in rural and urban health centers
- Policy implementation: Delay in translating National Disaster Management Guidelines into localized hospital-level protocols
Keywords: Disaster Resilience · Public Health Infrastructure · Audit Accountability · Institutional Preparedness · Safety Protocols
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims + Mains Why in news: The Bombay High Court expressed concern over high maternal mortality and infant malnutrition in Maharashtra's Melghat region, urging the state government to improve healthcare infrastructure.
The Melghat region in Maharashtra is facing a surge in child deaths due to low birth weight (LBW) and malnutrition. The state government is implementing the Amrut Aahar Yojana to address these nutritional issues.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceMelghat region is located in Maharashtra
- SchemeAmrut Aahar Yojana is a Maharashtra state government program for nutrition
- FactLow birth weight (LBW) and malnutrition are identified as primary drivers of child mortality in the region
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the socio-economic and infrastructural barriers to achieving universal maternal and child health in India's tribal and rural belts.
- Infrastructure deficit: Shortage of specialized healthcare facilities and specialists in remote regions
- Socio-cultural barriers: Influence of local cultural beliefs on healthcare-seeking behavior
- Nutritional insecurity: Linkage between maternal poverty and infant low birth weight
Keywords: Maternal Mortality Rate · Infant Nutrition · Healthcare Infrastructure · Socio-economic Determinants · Public Health Governance
GS2Polity & Constitution › Judiciary & landmark judgmentsPrelims Why in news: Chief Justice of India Surya Kant announced a special vacation sitting on December 22, 2025, to address urgent cases and reduce the Supreme Court's backlog.
The Supreme Court will hold a special session during the Christmas and New Year vacation. The initiative aims to address a backlog of approximately 90,000 pending cases.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostSurya Kant: Chief Justice of India as of December 2025
- FactSupreme Court backlog: approximately 90,000 pending cases
- BodySupreme Court of India: highest judicial body in the country
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the institutional challenges contributing to judicial pendency in India and evaluate the effectiveness of emergency sitting measures in ensuring the right to speedy justice.
- Judicial infrastructure: Shortage of judges and courtrooms leading to chronic case accumulation
- Procedural bottlenecks: Delays in evidence recording and complex litigation management
- Right to justice: Conflict between judicial backlog and the constitutional mandate for timely adjudication
Keywords: Judicial Pendency · Right to Speedy Trial · Judicial Administration · Case Management · Access to Justice
Why in news: The Indian government plans to host EU leaders Ursula von der Leyen and Antonio Costa as chief guests for the Republic Day celebrations featuring a 'Vande Mataram' theme.
The government is celebrating 150 years since the publication of the first two stanzas of Vande Mataram. The Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Information and Broadcasting are coordinating the initiative to highlight the song and its author, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PostUrsula von der Leyen and Antonio Costa are the leaders of the European Union
- FactThe Republic Day celebrations mark 150 years since the publication of the first two stanzas of Vande Mataram
- PostBankim Chandra Chattopadhyay is the author of the national song Vande Mataram
- PlaceThe Republic Day celebrations will include a torch relay and special flypast across India
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how cultural diplomacy and the celebration of national heritage can be leveraged to strengthen India's strategic partnerships with the European Union.
- Soft power projection: Utilizing national symbols like Vande Mataram to foster cultural affinity with EU partners
- Diplomatic signaling: Using high-profile Republic Day invitations to solidify bilateral ties and shared democratic values
Keywords: Cultural Diplomacy · Soft Power · Strategic Partnership · National Heritage · Bilateral Relations
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims Why in news: The Health Department issued an advisory to district officials to prepare for a rise in seasonal influenza cases from January to March 2026 based on NCDC guidance.
The advisory follows guidance from the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) in New Delhi. It mandates strengthening surveillance, ensuring stocks of N95 masks, and maintaining availability of antiviral drugs like oseltamivir.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyNCDC: National Centre for Disease Control is located in New Delhi
- FactAntiviral drug oseltamivir is specified for influenza preparedness
- FactPreparedness period identified as January 2026 to March 2026
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of robust surveillance and public-private cooperation in managing seasonal infectious diseases in India.
- Surveillance gap: Need for real-time data integration between district-level clinics and national health bodies
- Logistical bottleneck: Ensuring last-mile availability of essential medicines like oseltamivir in rural healthcare centers
Keywords: Public Health Surveillance · Infectious Disease Management · Preventive Healthcare · Epidemiological Preparedness
GS2Polity & Constitution › Judiciary & landmark judgmentsMains Why in news: Dinesh Maheshwari, chairman of the National Law Commission, advocated for an Indianized legal system by incorporating Indian values and the principles of dharma into the justice delivery process.
Dinesh Maheshwari, chairman of the National Law Commission, stated that the Constitution was inspired by the Indian knowledge system. Governor Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar supported this by calling for the promotion of Indian civilization's cultural values.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactThe Constitution's inspiration: Indian knowledge system and principles of dharma
- PostRajendra Vishwanath Arlekar: Governor
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of integrating indigenous cultural values and the Indian knowledge system into the contemporary Indian judicial framework.
- Conceptual alignment: Reconciling traditional principles of dharma with modern constitutional jurisprudence
- Cultural preservation: Balancing the preservation of indigenous values with universal human rights standards
Keywords: Indian knowledge system · dharma · justice delivery · legal pluralism · constitutional values
GS2Polity & Constitution › Parliament & state legislaturesPrelims Why in news: Chairman Basavaraj Horatti presided over a record-breaking 11-hour session of the Legislative Council in Belagavi to debate the Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025.
The session lasted from 10:15 am to 10:15 pm on the final day of the Winter Session. Chief Minister Siddaramaiah attended for nearly seven hours to provide clarifications on the bill.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactThe Legislative Council session in Belagavi lasted for 11 hours.
- PostBasavaraj Horatti is the Chairman of the Legislative Council.
- Act / BillThe Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025 was the subject of the prolonged debate.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of legislative oversight and the role of the Legislative Council in deliberating on sensitive social legislation like hate speech prevention.
- Legislative scrutiny: Ensuring robust debate on hate speech definitions to balance free speech and public order
- Executive accountability: Role of the Chief Minister in providing direct clarifications during council proceedings
Keywords: Legislative Council · Hate Speech Prevention · Executive Accountability · Legislative Oversight · Winter Session
Why in news: The Vice-Chancellor of the Central University of Karnataka announced the commencement of the CUET-PG application process for the 2026-27 academic year.
The National Testing Agency (NTA) will conduct the CUET-PG in Computer-Based Test mode. Applications and fee payments are open until January 14, 2026, with the examination scheduled for March 2026.
Prelims pointers (4)
- BodyNTA: National Testing Agency is the body responsible for conducting the CUET-PG examination.
- FactCUET-PG application and fee payment deadline: January 14, 2026.
- FactCUET-PG examination month: March 2026.
- FactMode of examination: Computer-Based Test (CBT).
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of a unified entrance examination system in ensuring transparency and equity in postgraduate admissions across Indian Central Universities.
- Standardization: Uniformity in assessment criteria across diverse academic disciplines
- Accessibility: Impact of computer-based testing on rural and infrastructure-starved regions
- Meritocracy: Balancing centralized testing with institutional autonomy in selection processes
Keywords: Standardization · Meritocracy · Educational Equity · Centralized Testing · Transparency
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims + Mains Why in news: Gravity Medical Technology received approval for its indigenously developed Supernova stent retriever after successful national trials led by AIIMS, Delhi.
The Supernova stent retriever is a medical device designed to remove clots and restore blood flow in severe stroke patients within 24 hours. The device underwent a national trial led by AIIMS, Delhi, with results published in the Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery (JNIS).
Prelims pointers (4)
- S&TSupernova stent retriever: Indigenously developed device for treating severe strokes by removing clots.
- BodyAIIMS, Delhi: Led the national trial for the stroke device.
- FactLaunch Date: The device is scheduled for launch in February 2026.
- PlaceJournal of Neurointerventional Surgery (JNIS): Publication where the trial findings were released.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of indigenous medical device manufacturing in enhancing healthcare accessibility and reducing the economic burden of chronic diseases in India.
- Cost-effectiveness: Reducing reliance on expensive imported medical devices for critical stroke care
- R&D ecosystem: Strengthening domestic clinical trial infrastructure and indigenous manufacturing capabilities
Keywords: Medical Device Indigenization · Clinical Trial Framework · Healthcare Accessibility · Stroke Management · Make in India
Why in news: The Karnataka State Commission for Protection of Child Rights ordered the relocation of high-tension electricity cables and transformers from school premises within a month.
The Commission directed the Education Department to ensure quality mid-day meals and complete Aadhaar verification for 2.66 lakh children by next week. It also mandated correcting birth certificate mismatches by January 5, 2026, and following the Child Protection Policy 2016.
Prelims pointers (4)
- BodyKarnataka State Commission for Protection of Child Rights: body overseeing child rights in Karnataka
- Fact2.66 lakh children targeted for Aadhaar card verification
- Fact1098: Child helpline number to be displayed in schools
- Act / BillChild Protection Policy 2016: guidelines for school safety and child welfare
Mains angle
Q. Examine the institutional mechanisms required to ensure the safety and nutritional security of children in government schools in India.
- Infrastructure safety: Addressing hazardous electrical hazards in rural and urban school zones
- Data integrity: Challenges in synchronizing birth certificates with Aadhaar for welfare scheme eligibility
- Regulatory oversight: Strengthening the role of State Commissions in enforcing Child Protection Policies
Keywords: Child Rights · Infrastructure Safety · Mid-day Meal Scheme · Aadhaar Verification · Policy Implementation
Why in news: The Telangana government announced spoken English and communication skills training for MBBS students to mitigate language barriers and dropout rates among rural and economically disadvantaged students.
Health Minister C. Damodar Raja Narasimha directed the Health department to develop structured programs for MBBS students similar to nursing college models. A committee was also formed to examine the financial burdens of students under the Convener Quota at private medical colleges.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactThe initiative targets MBBS students in Telangana to address language barriers and stress.
- PostC. Damodar Raja Narasimha is the Health Minister of Telangana.
- FactThe government is exploring support for students admitted under the Convener Quota at private medical colleges.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how linguistic barriers and high educational costs act as systemic hurdles for rural students seeking professional degrees in India.
- Socio-economic disparity: Language proficiency as a gatekeeper to high-value professional education
- Financial accessibility: High tuition costs in private medical colleges creating barriers for middle-class families
- Institutional intervention: Role of state-led communication training in reducing student dropout rates
Keywords: linguistic barriers · educational equity · socio-economic mobility · systemic hurdles · professional education
Why in news: The National Council of Vocational Education and Training (NCVET) recognized the State Board of Intermediate Education (BIEAP) as the first school education board in India to be an awarding body.
NCVET and BIEAP signed an agreement for NCVET's recognition as an awarding body (AB-Dual). This allows BIEAP to award, assess, and certify learners in its campuses or training centers, starting with the Sericulture Technician qualification.
Prelims pointers (4)
- BodyNCVET: National Council of Vocational Education and Training
- FactBIEAP is the first school education board in India recognized by NCVET as an awarding body
- FactThe first approved qualification for certification is the Sericulture Technician
- FactThe recognition allows for nationally recognized certification of vocational skills
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of integrating vocational training into school education boards to enhance employability and skill development in India.
- Skill certification: Standardizing vocational qualifications across state boards to ensure national mobility
- Institutional synergy: Leveraging existing school infrastructure for vocational training delivery
Keywords: Vocational Education · Skill Certification · Educational Governance · Human Resource Development
Why in news: Political parties in Kerala contested the Election Commission of India's (ECI) Special Intensive Revision (SIR) list due to an unusually high number of Absent, Shifted
The ECI's ASD list includes voters who are deceased, untraceable/absent, permanently shifted, duplicated, or refused to return enumeration forms. The final electoral rolls for the 2026 Assembly elections are scheduled for publication on February 21.
Prelims pointers (5)
- BodyECI: Responsible for the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) and publication of electoral rolls.
- FactClaims and objections period for the SIR rolls: December 23 to January 22.
- FactNotice phase for the SIR rolls: Lasts until February 14.
- FactFinal rolls publication date: February 21.
- FactVoter enrollment remains open until the last day of filing nominations for the 2026 Assembly elections.
Mains angle
Q. Examine the importance of periodic electoral roll revisions in ensuring the integrity of the democratic process in India.
- Data integrity: Risks of 'ghost voters' or 'duplicate entries' undermining the principle of one person one vote
- Procedural transparency: Balancing the speed of administrative revisions with the right of citizens to contest inaccuracies
- Inclusion gap: Ensuring marginalized populations are not inadvertently excluded during 'Absent, Shifted, or Deceased' purges
Keywords: Electoral Integrity · Special Intensive Revision · Democracy · Transparency · Voter Enrollment
GS3 · Economy · S&T · Environment · Security · 14
Why in news: The Government of India enacted the SHANTI Act to repeal existing nuclear legislation and encourage private sector participation by removing previous liability clauses.
The SHANTI Act (Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India) replaces previous nuclear laws. It aims to help India reach a nuclear capacity of 100 GW by 2047, up from the current 8.8 GW, with a focus on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
Prelims pointers (5)
- Act / BillSHANTI Act: Repeals existing nuclear legislation to facilitate private sector involvement.
- FactIndia's current nuclear capacity: 8.8 GW.
- FactIndia's nuclear capacity target by 2047: 100 GW.
- S&TSmall Modular Reactors (SMRs): Identified as a key technology for India's nuclear expansion.
- FactSHANTI Act: Establishes a streamlined compensation approach with penalties varying based on plant size.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the SHANTI Act can facilitate India's transition to a nuclear-heavy energy mix while addressing safety and waste management concerns.
- Private-Public Partnership: Balancing private investment incentives with stringent safety oversight and liability frameworks.
- Technological Transition: Evaluating the scalability and waste-management feasibility of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
- Regulatory Reform: Streamlining accident compensation mechanisms to ensure accountability without deterring private capital.
Keywords: Nuclear Expansion · Small Modular Reactors · Private Participation · Liability Framework · Energy Security
Why in news: The Supreme Court deferred a hearing on petitions from hotel and resort owners in the Nilgiris, stating that courts will favor animal welfare over commercial interests in elephant corridors.
The Madras High Court approved a recommendation to dismantle over 800 constructions, including 39 resorts and 390 houses, in the Sigur Plateau elephant corridor. The Tamil Nadu government notified these corridors to protect elephant migration paths.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceSigur Plateau is located in the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
- FactOver 800 constructions, including 39 resorts and 390 houses, were identified inside the Sigur elephant corridor.
- BodyThe Supreme Court bench included Chief Justice Surya Kant, Justice Joymalya Bagchi, and Justice Vipul M. Pancholi.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the conflict between infrastructure development and wildlife conservation in elephant corridors, highlighting the judicial role in balancing commercial interests with ecological integrity.
- Judicial balancing: Prioritizing 'silent victims' (wildlife) over established commercial property rights in ecologically sensitive zones.
- Regulatory enforcement: Challenges in dismantling illegal constructions and enforcing corridor notifications in high-tourism zones.
- Policy trade-offs: Balancing the 'eco-friendly' business model claims of private owners against the biological necessity of migration paths.
Keywords: Wildlife Conservation · Elephant Corridors · Ecologically Sensitive Zones · Judicial Activism · Biodiversity Protection
GS3Economy › External sector, trade & FDIPrelims + Mains Why in news: Union Minister Piyush Goyal urged the coffee community to prioritize origin and quality to improve India's global standing during the centenary celebrations of the Central Coffee Research Institute (CCRI).
The coffee industry supports over two million families and contributes ₹20,000 crore to the Indian economy. The CCRI recently launched two new pest- and disease-resistant Arabica coffee varieties.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactIndian coffee industry contributes ₹20,000 crore to the economy
- FactCoffee industry supports over two million families in India
- S&TCCRI launched two new pest- and disease-resistant Arabica coffee varieties
- PlaceChikkamagaluru is identified as a coffee heartland in India
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how enhancing the quality and geographical identity of agricultural commodities can bolster India's position in the global export market.
- Market differentiation: Leveraging 'origin' branding to command premium pricing in global specialty coffee markets
- R&D integration: Utilizing CCRI's pest-resistant varieties to ensure supply chain stability against climate-induced risks
Keywords: Value addition · Geographical identity · Export competitiveness · Agricultural R&D · Supply chain resilience
GS3Economy › Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, railways)Prelims + Mains Why in news: The Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee (PAC) directed the DGCA and aviation stakeholders to submit reports on the recent flight crisis and the calculation of User Development Fee (UDF).
The PAC meeting in Chennai included representatives from the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Airports Authority of India (AAI), AERA, and Bureau of Civil Aviation Security. The committee questioned the absence of the DGCA Chairman and discussed a Supreme Court case challenging UDF calculations.
Prelims pointers (5)
- BodyDGCA: Directorate General of Civil Aviation
- BodyAAI: Airports Authority of India
- BodyAERA: Airports Economic Regulatory Authority
- BodyPAC: Public Accounts Committee is a parliamentary committee
- FactUDF: User Development Fee linked to a Supreme Court case
Mains angle
Q. Examine the role of parliamentary oversight in ensuring the safety and efficiency of India's civil aviation infrastructure.
- Regulatory oversight: Ensuring DGCA's accountability in managing systemic flight crises
- Fiscal transparency: Resolving legal disputes over User Development Fee (UDF) calculations
- Stakeholder coordination: Balancing interests of private airlines, pilot associations, and public infrastructure bodies
Keywords: Parliamentary Oversight · Regulatory Accountability · Civil Aviation Infrastructure · Public Accounts Committee · Fiscal Transparency
GS3Economy › Employment & inclusive growthMains Why in news: The Kerala State Women’s Development Corporation (KSWDC) is expanding its business support program to provide entrepreneurship guidance to marginalized communities
The Project Consultancy Wing (PCW) of the KSWDC provides professional guidance on idea development, feasibility studies, legal procedures, and financial planning. The initiative covers all 14 districts in Kerala and aims to transition trans individuals into structured micro and small businesses.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyKSWDC: Kerala State Women’s Development Corporation
- FactThe initiative covers all 14 districts in Kerala
- PostProject Consultancy Wing (PCW): The specific wing of KSWDC providing professional guidance
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how targeted entrepreneurship support for marginalized communities can facilitate socio-economic inclusion and sustainable livelihood generation in India.
- Structural barriers: Addressing lack of access to formal credit and legal literacy among transgender populations
- Institutional support: Transitioning from informal labor to structured micro-enterprises through feasibility and financial planning
Keywords: Socio-economic inclusion · Micro-entrepreneurship · Livelihood sustainability · Marginalized communities · Financial planning
GS3Agriculture › Food processing & supply chainPrelims Why in news: Chairman of Sri Kanteerava Studios Limited announced plans to establish film cities in Kalaburagi and Hubballi and the launch of a state-backed OTT platform by Karnataka.
Sri Kanteerava Studios Limited plans to establish smaller-scale film cities in Kalaburagi and Hubballi. The Karnataka government intends to launch its own OTT platform by late January or early February 2026 to promote Kannada cinema and literature.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceKalaburagi and Hubballi are proposed locations for new film cities in Karnataka
- FactKarnataka will be the third Indian state to operate a government-backed OTT platform
- FactThe state-backed OTT platform is expected to be operational by the end of 2026
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how state-backed digital infrastructure and regional film cities can promote cultural preservation while fostering the growth of the creative economy.
- Cultural preservation: Promoting regional literature and cinema against the hegemony of mainstream content
- Economic decentralization: Creating creative hubs in Tier-II cities like Kalaburagi and Hubballi
- Digital sovereignty: State-led OTT platforms as a tool for linguistic diversity and local content distribution
Keywords: Creative economy · Digital infrastructure · Cultural preservation · Regional cinema · Linguistic diversity
GS3Economy › Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, railways)Prelims Why in news: The Andhra Pradesh government notified sweeping amendments to the Building Rules, 2017, to enhance urban safety, sustainability, and ease of doing business.
The amendments introduce a uniform definition for high-rise buildings and simplified fire safety approval procedures. The rules mandate energy-efficient standards and aim to facilitate development in congested urban areas.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactAndhra Pradesh Building Rules, 2017: The base rules being amended for urban safety and sustainability.
- FactHigh-rise buildings: The amendment introduces a uniform definition for these structures across the state.
- FactFire safety: The new rules simplify the approval procedures for fire safety compliance.
- FactEnergy standards: The amendments make energy-efficient standards mandatory for construction.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how standardized building regulations and green construction norms can balance rapid urbanization with environmental sustainability and public safety in Indian states.
- Regulatory streamlining: Reducing bureaucratic hurdles in fire safety approvals to improve ease of doing business
- Urban density management: Balancing infrastructure development in congested areas with mandatory energy-efficiency standards
Keywords: Urban Governance · Ease of Doing Business · Sustainable Construction · Regulatory Reform · Public Safety
GS3Environment & Ecology › Species, protected areas & wetlandsPrelims Why in news: Tamil Nadu forest officials are conducting a field survey from December 2025 to April 2026 to assess hornbill populations and identify nesting habitats for long-term conservation.
The survey covers the Anamalai, Srivilliputhur–Megamalai, and Kalakkad–Mundathurai tiger reserves, along with the Karamadai and Mettupalayam ranges. It aims to document four hornbill species and identify mature trees with natural hollows for nesting.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceAnamalai, Srivilliputhur–Megamalai, and Kalakkad–Mundathurai are tiger reserves in Tamil Nadu.
- EnvironmentHornbills rely on mature trees with natural hollows for nesting habitats.
- FactThe survey period spans from late December 2025 to early April 2026.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of habitat-specific conservation strategies for flagship species like hornbills in maintaining forest biodiversity and ecosystem health.
- Habitat fragmentation: Loss of mature trees with natural hollows limits nesting sites for large-bodied avian species.
- Data-driven conservation: Using population surveys to prioritize specific forest ranges for long-term ecological management.
Keywords: In-situ conservation · Habitat restoration · Biodiversity monitoring · Flagship species · Ecosystem services
GS3Agriculture › Animal husbandry, fisheries & alliedPrelims Why in news: The Duck Hatchery and Training (DHAT) Institute is reviving three indigenous duck varieties in Kuttanad wetlands to restore farming after a bird flu outbreak.
The DHAT Institute at Manjadi supplies 2,000 one-day-old ducklings weekly to Kerala farmers. The institute maintains parent stocks of Vigova, Kuttanadan Chembally, and Snow White ducks under strict biosecurity protocols.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactDHAT Institute supplies 2,000 one-day-old ducklings weekly to farmers.
- EnvironmentIndigenous duck varieties being revived: Vigova, Kuttanadan Chembally, and Snow White.
- BodyDHAT Institute: Located at Manjadi, responsible for duck hatchery and training.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of preserving indigenous livestock breeds in maintaining biodiversity and ensuring the sustainability of rural livelihoods in India.
- Biosecurity gap: Vulnerability of open-system duck farming to avian influenza outbreaks
- Genetic erosion: Risk of losing indigenous breeds like Kuttanadan Chembally to commercial varieties
- Livelihood resilience: Balancing traditional wetland farming with modern disease-prevention protocols
Keywords: Biodiversity conservation · Biosecurity measures · Indigenous breeds · Sustainable agriculture · Livelihood restoration
GS3Environment & Ecology › Species, protected areas & wetlandsPrelims Why in news: The Tamil Nadu Forest Department inaugurated a command and control center in the Nilgiris to mitigate human-elephant conflict using AI-enabled surveillance and real-time monitoring.
The center is located in the Nadugani Range, Gudalur Forest Division, and was funded by the Modernisation of Tamil Nadu Forest Force Scheme at a cost of ₹6 crore. It features AI-enabled cameras, thermal imaging drones, and radio-collars for elephant tracking.
Prelims pointers (4)
- BodyThe command and control center was inaugurated by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department.
- FactThe project was funded at a cost of ₹6 crore under the Modernisation of Tamil Nadu Forest Force Scheme.
- S&TThe center utilizes AI-enabled surveillance cameras and drones with thermal imaging capabilities.
- PlaceThe center is situated in the Nadugani Range of the Gudalur Forest Division in the Nilgiris.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the integration of AI and real-time monitoring technologies can effectively mitigate human-wildlife conflict in ecologically sensitive zones like the Nilgiris.
- Technological intervention: Real-time alerts and thermal imaging to reduce proactive human-elephant encounters
- Resource allocation: Balancing infrastructure costs of high-tech surveillance against traditional forest management methods
Keywords: Human-wildlife conflict · AI-enabled surveillance · Real-time monitoring · Wildlife conservation · Modernisation of Forest Force
Why in news: Andhra Pradesh's Deputy CM K. Pawan Kalyan and Karnataka's CM Siddaramaiah collaborated to deploy trained kumki elephants and early warning systems to mitigate human-elephant conflict in Chittoor.
Chittoor district saw a wild elephant population surge to over 140 individuals, causing nine fatalities and six injuries in 2024-25. A new training camp for kumki elephants was established in Palamaner to support mitigation efforts.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PlaceChittoor district is located in Andhra Pradesh
- FactWild elephant population in Chittoor reached over 140 individuals
- FactNine fatalities and six injuries occurred among farmers and cattle-rearers in 2024-25
- PlacePalamaner is the site of the new kumki elephant training camp
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the efficacy of using trained kumki elephants and technology-based systems in mitigating human-wildlife conflict in elephant-dense corridors.
- Inter-state cooperation: Collaborative logistics between Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka for wildlife management
- Technological intervention: Effectiveness of early warning systems in reducing human fatalities and elephant mortality
Keywords: Human-wildlife conflict · Kumki elephants · Mitigation strategies · Inter-state cooperation · Early warning systems
GS3Economy › External sector, trade & FDIPrelims + Mains Why in news: Vice President C.P. Radhakrishnan urged the government to pursue more free trade agreements (FTAs) to enhance India's competitiveness against rivals like Bangladesh and Laos in the global textile market.
India aims to achieve a $350 billion textile market size by 2030 with a target of $100 billion in textile exports. Apparel exports reached $10.08 billion in the first eleven months of the fiscal year 2025-26.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactIndia's target textile market size by 2030: $350 billion
- FactIndia's target textile exports by 2030: $100 billion
- FactApparel exports reached $10.08 billion in the first eleven months of FY 2025-26
- BodyApparel Exports Promotion Council (AEPC) is the body overseeing apparel export growth
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in enhancing India's manufacturing competitiveness in the global textile and apparel markets.
- Trade imbalance: Competition from low-cost manufacturing hubs like Bangladesh and Laos
- Market expansion: Scaling domestic production to meet the $350 billion market target
- Export diversification: Leveraging FTAs to penetrate high-value global apparel segments
Keywords: Free Trade Agreements · Export Competitiveness · Manufacturing Sector · Trade Liberalization · Market Penetration
GS3Science & Technology › Biotechnology & health researchPrelims Why in news: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) refuted claims linking eggs to cancer risk, clarifying that nitrofurans are prohibited in Indian poultry and egg production.
The FSSAI stated that trace amounts of nitrofurans detected in some eggs do not pose health risks. The agency clarified that such findings are not indicative of widespread contamination in the supply chain.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyFSSAI: The primary regulatory body for food safety and standards in India
- FactNitrofurans: A substance potentially linked to cancer that is prohibited in Indian poultry and egg production
- FactFSSAI's stance: Trace amounts of prohibited substances do not constitute a health risk for human consumption
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of regulatory bodies like FSSAI in ensuring food safety and managing public health risks arising from chemical contaminants in the food supply chain.
- Regulatory oversight: Ensuring compliance with prohibited substance lists in the poultry and egg supply chain
- Public communication: Managing misinformation regarding food safety and chemical residues in consumer products
Keywords: Food Safety · Regulatory Compliance · Public Health · Nitrofurans · Risk Assessment
Why in news: Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah launched the e-Khata scheme to enable citizens to access khata services from home, streamlining urban property documentation.
The e-Khata scheme was launched on December 18th at Suvarna Soudha in Belagavi. The state has identified 6,119 beneficiaries under the Gruha Bhagya Scheme, with ₹326 crore released for the completion of 4,159 houses.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Schemee-Khata: A Karnataka state initiative to provide khata services remotely from home.
- FactGruha Bhagya Scheme: ₹326 crore released for 4,159 completed houses.
- PlaceSuvarna Soudha: The venue for the scheme launch located in Belagavi, Karnataka.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the digitization of land records and khata services can enhance transparency and ease of living in urban governance.
- Data integrity: Risks of fraudulent entries in digitized land records without robust verification
- Administrative efficiency: Reducing physical footfall and corruption in property registration processes
- Inclusion gap: Challenges in accessing digital khata services for rural populations with low digital literacy
Keywords: Ease of Living · Digital Governance · Transparency · Land Records · Urban Planning
These are SatyaDheesh's own UPSC notes, written from reports published in The Hindu. SatyaDheesh is not affiliated with The Hindu. Every note links to the original report; read it in full on thehindu.com. How these notes are made