Places in News — October 2026

235 places, for Prelims revision. Each links to its full note.

Schemes Reports & indices Environment & species Acts & bills International organisations Institutions & bodies Constitution Science & tech Persons & appointments

Gogra and Hot Spring: Strategic locations and friction points along the LAC in Ladakh. · 13 Oct · GS2 · note
Pangong Lake: Site of the May 5, 2020, standoff between Indian and Chinese forces. · 13 Oct · GS2 · note
Alisha Giri, Kanishka Peak, and Zorawar Peak: Specific high-altitude peaks/locations identified in the Ladakh naming list. · 13 Oct · GS2 · note
The judgment was delivered by the Karnataka High Court on October 13, 2026. · 13 Oct · GS2 · note
The extradition efforts involve fugitives Nirav Modi and Vijay Mallya. · 13 Oct · GS2 · note
New Delhi: Location of the diplomatic visit and interview · 13 Oct · GS2 · note
Jantar Mantar: Denotified as a protest venue in Delhi · 13 Oct · GS3 · note
Ramlila Ground, Burari Ground, and CBD Ground: New designated protest venues in East Delhi · 13 Oct · GS3 · note
Antarctica · 13 Oct · GS3 · note
Lok Bhavan: The official residence of the Governor of Uttarakhand · 13 Oct · GS2 · note
MCD: Municipal Corporation of Delhi is the local body responsible for waste management and road maintenance in Delhi. · 13 Oct · GS3 · note
Pallikaranai marshland is located in Tamil Nadu. · 13 Oct · GS3 · note
The meeting took place in New Delhi between the Bangladesh-India Joint Working Group (JWG) on Trade. · 13 Oct · GS2 · note
Supreme Court: Venue of the hearing on pharmaceutical price controls · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
The electoral roll covers 117 Assembly constituencies in Punjab. · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
West Bengal: Location where the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) was conducted. · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
Andaman Sea: Location where 40 Rohingya were reportedly forced into by Indian authorities in 2025. · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
Telangana districts covered: Narayanpet, Jogulamba Gadwal, Jangaon, and Nagarkurnool · 12 Oct · GS3 · note
Karnataka High Court: Judicial body in the state of Karnataka · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
Sri Sathya Sai district: Location of the awareness programme launch. · 12 Oct · GS3 · note
National Agricultural Science Complex is located in New Delhi · 12 Oct · GS3 · note
Jammu and Kashmir rainfall: 12–20 cm reported by IMD. · 12 Oct · GS1 · note
Haryana rainfall: 7–11 cm reported by IMD. · 12 Oct · GS1 · note
Unreserved Mayor seats: Tirupati, Vijayawada, Ongole, and Nellore. · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
Women General Mayor seats: Vizianagaram, Srikakulam, Guntur, Kadapa, and Greater Visakhapatnam. · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
BC Women Mayor seats: Kakinada and Machilipatnam. · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
BC General Mayor seats: Eluru, Anantapuram, and Chittoor. · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
Ambassade de France, New Delhi: Venue for the award ceremony on October 28, 2026 · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
Bihar: State where the Special Intensive Revision judgment was issued. · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
Jantar Mantar: De-notified as a protest venue in Delhi · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
The incident involves the Russia-Ukraine frontline. · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
A Tamil Nadu court identified P. juliflora as a threat across 32 districts. · 12 Oct · GS3 · note
The vessel was inducted off the coast of Mumbai. · 12 Oct · GS3 · note
Sohar Anchorage is located in Oman · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
Strait of Hormuz is a critical maritime passage for commercial shipping · 12 Oct · GS2 · note
Katchatheevu: An island territory acknowledged by India as belonging to Sri Lanka. · 11 Oct · GS2 · note
Palamuru-Rangareddy Lift Irrigation Scheme (PRLIS): Irrigation project located in the Telangana/Andhra Pradesh region. · 11 Oct · GS3 · note
Jantar Mantar: Designated site for protests in central Delhi. · 11 Oct · GS2 · note
The tribunals are located in West Bengal. · 11 Oct · GS2 · note
CERN (European Centre for Nuclear Research): Located in Geneva, straddling the Swiss-French border. · 11 Oct · GS3 · note
Andhra Pradesh · 11 Oct · GS2 · note
Vandenberg Space Force Base: Launch site for the SSPICY mission · 11 Oct · GS3 · note
The policy applies to the Environment, Forest and Wildlife Department, Indian Reserve Battalion (IRB), State Disaster Response Force (SDRF), and Revenue and Disaster Management Department in Haryana. · 11 Oct · GS2 · note
Tarang Shakti-2026 exercise was conducted in Jodhpur · 11 Oct · GS2 · note
King Khalid International Airport is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia · 11 Oct · GS2 · note
Tarang Shakti-2026 exercise was held in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. · 11 Oct · GS2 · note
Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court is located in Tamil Nadu · 11 Oct · GS2 · note
Pallipuram: Panchayat location proposed for the desalination plant in Kerala. · 10 Oct · GS3 · note
Tarang Shakti 2026 was conducted at Jodhpur Air Force Station. · 10 Oct · GS3 · note
Wayanad: A district in Kerala aiming to be India's first e-waste-free model district. · 10 Oct · GS3 · note
UN General Assembly First Committee: The committee responsible for disarmament and regulation of armaments · 10 Oct · GS2 · note
Maharashtra is the state facing drought conditions affecting sucrose content · 10 Oct · GS3 · note
Study locations: Karnataka, Haryana, and Punjab · 10 Oct · GS2 · note
Adwa Memorial Museum is located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. · 10 Oct · GS2 · note
Chandel, Churachandpur, and Senapati are the districts in Manipur where the plantation is occurring. · 10 Oct · GS3 · note
Madhya Pradesh High Court: Judicial body that struck down the reservation amendment. · 10 Oct · GS2 · note
HITEX Exhibition Centre is located in Hyderabad · 9 Oct · GS3 · note
The policies will be introduced at the upcoming Telangana Global Summit. · 9 Oct · GS3 · note
Windergy 2026 event venue: Chennai Trade Centre · 9 Oct · GS3 · note
Warangal is the primary location for the sewerage network project · 9 Oct · GS3 · note
Farakka Barrage is located in the Murshidabad district of West Bengal. · 9 Oct · GS2 · note
The Ganga River is known as the Padma upon entering Bangladesh, approximately 22 km downstream from Farakka Barrage. · 9 Oct · GS2 · note
Mekelle: Capital of the Tigray region in Ethiopia · 9 Oct · GS2 · note
Cote d’Ivoire: West African nation visited during a three-nation tour including Ghana and Ethiopia · 9 Oct · GS2 · note
Isarda dam is located in Tonk district, Rajasthan · 9 Oct · GS3 · note
Saudi Arabia: Location where the aircraft was safely landed. · 9 Oct · GS2 · note
Vadhavan: A major port project in India where Saudi Arabia expressed investment interest. · 8 Oct · GS2 · note
Goa, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, and Kerala recorded the highest sex ratios at birth. · 8 Oct · GS2 · note
Windergy India 2026 was held in Chennai · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
Goethe-Zentrum: Venue for the discussion in Hyderabad · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
Attappady is a region in the Palakkad district of Kerala. · 8 Oct · GS2 · note
No city from Keralam was selected for waste water management. · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
NH10 route: Rangpo to Ranipool · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
Teesta River: Source of landslides and land sinking in the project area · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
Patiala and Moga are districts in the state of Punjab. · 8 Oct · GS2 · note
The drought declaration covers 388 mandals across 21 districts in Andhra Pradesh. · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
Mocha: A port city seized by Houthis in September. · 8 Oct · GS2 · note
Bab al-Mandeb: A strategic strait threatened by Houthi actions. · 8 Oct · GS2 · note
Great Indian Bustard chick was spotted in Kutch · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
Delhi High Court: The judicial body that issued the winding up order for PPBL · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
CII Regional Summit: Venue for the announcement of the Japan-style cluster model · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
Western Ghats: A biodiversity hotspot in India significantly impacted by plantation expansion. · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
Abidjan: Capital of Cote d'Ivoire · 8 Oct · GS2 · note
Rumbak, Shang, and Uley are locations in Ladakh where the high-altitude wildlife safari was flagged off. · 8 Oct · GS3 · note
Odisha: State government forming the commission for local self-government institutions · 8 Oct · GS2 · note
Cauvery River: Shared water resource between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu · 7 Oct · GS2 · note
Karnataka is the second most drought-prone state in India after Rajasthan, with 80% of its geographical area prone to drought. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Canaan: Ancient name for a region encompassing parts of present-day Israel and Palestinian territories. · 7 Oct · GS2 · note
Strait of Hormuz: A critical maritime chokepoint for oil transit · 7 Oct · GS2 · note
Kothacheruvu Junior College: Site of the launch in Sri Sathya Sai District · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
UN General Assembly Sixth Committee: The committee responsible for the legal aspects of the UN Charter · 7 Oct · GS2 · note
Western Ghats: Source of the wild streams being restored. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Paimpozhil: An irrigation tank in Tenkasi receiving restored water flow. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Miryalguda is a location where paddy prices reached ₹4,000 per quintal. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Imphal Valley: The central valley of Manipur where the Meitei community predominantly resides. · 7 Oct · GS1 · note
Udalguri, Sonitpur, and Biswanath are districts in Assam where elephant habitat mapping was conducted. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Sonai-Rupai, Behali, and Bornadi are identified elephant habitats/sanctuaries in Assam. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Location of temperature rise: Western coast of Peru and Ecuador. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Impact zone in India: Coastal Tamil Nadu. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Gelephu Mindfulness City is a project in Bhutan · 7 Oct · GS2 · note
Mettur dam is located in Tamil Nadu · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Karumkulam, Alappad, Purakkad, Edavanakkad, Eriyad, Veliyancode, Chemanchery, Azhikode, and Valiyaparamba are the specific panchayats identified. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
The BESS facility is to be established in Alappuzha district, Kerala. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
The Black Sea is the strategic waterway identified in the proposal for grain and energy transit. · 7 Oct · GS2 · note
Vellore and Kodaikanal were identified as stations showing widespread warming. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University: Academic institution in Uttarakhand conducting wildlife studies. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
South Pole-Aitken Basin: The lunar region from which Chang’e-6 collected samples. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Bhadra Tiger Reserve: A protected area where a resort proposal was deferred. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Kappatagudda Wildlife Sanctuary: A site where a quarrying proposal was rejected. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
Bannerughatta National Park: An area where the ESZ status was decided to be maintained. · 7 Oct · GS3 · note
COP31 summit scheduled for November 9-20 in Antalya, Türkiye · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
The plan mirrors the five corporations of the Greater Bengaluru Authority. · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Strait of Hormuz: Critical energy corridor and maritime passage. · 6 Oct · GS3 · note
Thampanoor: The location of the KSRTC bus terminal where the scheme was inaugurated. · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
The guidelines specifically apply to the Core Urban Region (CURE) in Telangana. · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Zehanpora Buddhist complex: A 2,000-year-old archaeological site. · 6 Oct · GS1 · note
Wayanad-Thirunelli Trail and Coffee Trail are part of the new tourism initiatives in Kerala. · 6 Oct · GS3 · note
Collaborations are planned with Coorg, Mysuru, and Sri Lanka. · 6 Oct · GS3 · note
Munich was selected by the German National Olympic Committee as its candidate city for the 2036 Games. · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Strait of Hormuz: Strategic maritime passage where the MT On Peace was attacked. · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Khasab: Location in Oman where injured Indian crew members were evacuated for medical treatment. · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Addis Ababa: Capital of Ethiopia and host to the Regional Heads of Mission Conference · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Thousand Pillar Temple is located in Hanumakonda. · 6 Oct · GS1 · note
Jharkhand: The state where the polling station camps are being conducted · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Bhadohi, Aurai, and Gyanpur are identified as key constituencies for craftsmanship development projects. · 6 Oct · GS3 · note
Bogibeel Terminal is located in Dibrugarh, Assam. · 6 Oct · GS3 · note
Pangaon Port is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. · 6 Oct · GS3 · note
Black Sea: Location of the drone strike on MV ROYAD MAMMADOV · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Constanta County Hospital: Facility in Romania providing treatment to injured Indian nationals · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Chaubatia, Uttarakhand: Site of the Foreign Training Node for Exercise Mountain Guardian 2026 · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Kerala High Court: upheld the 2018 Act regarding healthcare regulations. · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Dhaka: Capital of Bangladesh · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Bhotekoshi-Trishuli: River systems in Nepal affected by floods. · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
Great Nicobar Island: Location of the contested infrastructure project · 6 Oct · GS2 · note
European Union: The specific region where these watermarks will be applied to comply with the EU AI Act. · 6 Oct · GS3 · note
Kautilya Economic Conclave: Held in New Delhi · 5 Oct · GS2 · note
Kadapa Municipal Corporation: The local body associated with the petitioner, Paka Suresh. · 5 Oct · GS2 · note
Kuno National Park is located in the Sheopur district of Madhya Pradesh. · 5 Oct · GS3 · note
Target locations: Hampi, Jog Falls, Nandi Hills, Madikeri, and KRS · 5 Oct · GS3 · note
Geneva: Host city for a global AI summit scheduled for 2027 · 5 Oct · GS2 · note
Ooty lake is located in the Nilgiris district. · 5 Oct · GS3 · note
Great Nicobar Island: Project site under litigation · 5 Oct · GS2 · note
Science and Technology in Society forum held in Kyoto · 5 Oct · GS3 · note
Wayanad: A district in Kerala where 'Brand Wayanad' is being launched. · 5 Oct · GS3 · note
Marine Corps Base Quantico: Location of reform announcement · 5 Oct · GS2 · note
COP31 is scheduled to be held in Turkey next month. · 5 Oct · GS3 · note
Wayanad township located at Elstone Estate, Kalpetta · 5 Oct · GS3 · note
Chennai and Mumbai: cities identified for the creation of ventilation maps. · 5 Oct · GS3 · note
Arasavalli Sri Suryanarayana Swamy temple: The site of the proposed development projects. · 5 Oct · GS3 · note
Erode district is located in Tamil Nadu. · 5 Oct · GS2 · note
Jantar Mantar: A prominent site in Delhi used for public protests. · 5 Oct · GS2 · note
Strait of Hormuz: Key maritime chokepoint for Middle Eastern oil exports · 5 Oct · GS2 · note
Parambikulam Tiger Reserve: Location of the 'Haplothismia' photography exhibition. · 5 Oct · GS3 · note
Munich Leaders' Meeting: Held in New Delhi · 4 Oct · GS2 · note
Kumamoto Prefecture: A region in Japan · 4 Oct · GS3 · note
Hyderabad: Host city for the 6th LAMBCON 2026 · 4 Oct · GS2 · note
Toopran, Medak district, Telangana: site of the new ₹400-crore Amul dairy plant · 4 Oct · GS3 · note
The 5th Kautilya Economic Conclave 2026 was held in Delhi. · 4 Oct · GS3 · note
Pivnichnyi Bridge is a major bridge located in Kyiv, Ukraine. · 4 Oct · GS2 · note
Burripalem and Obulanayudupalem: Locations of 3D concrete-printed house pilot project · 4 Oct · GS3 · note
The Kasaragod solar park Phase-II is located at Cheemeni in Kasaragod district, Kerala. · 4 Oct · GS3 · note
Seychelles participated in the world's first ocean debt conversion. · 4 Oct · GS2 · note
Central Secretariat Library is located in Delhi · 4 Oct · GS2 · note
The writ petition was filed in the Madras High Court by a bus operator from Erode district. · 4 Oct · GS2 · note
Maitri and Bharati: Indian research stations in Antarctica · 4 Oct · GS3 · note
Kyiv is the primary city under targeted Russian strikes as of October 2026. · 4 Oct · GS2 · note
Bay of Bengal Conversation: Event inaugurated by Tarique Rahman · 4 Oct · GS2 · note
Bishkek: Location of the meeting between Narendra Modi and Vladimir Putin on August 31 · 4 Oct · GS2 · note
Pahalgam: Location of the 2025 attack · 4 Oct · GS3 · note
Kodagu and Udupi are districts in Karnataka where village mapping was conducted. · 3 Oct · GS3 · note
KSRTC: Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation. · 3 Oct · GS3 · note
Kerala State Government renamed the IT department on October 03, 2026 · 3 Oct · GS3 · note
The relief request covers 177 taluks in Karnataka. · 3 Oct · GS3 · note
Munikkunnu and Kakkattuparamba: Identified as pilot projects for the Panchami Gramam project. · 3 Oct · GS2 · note
Andhra Pradesh: State challenging the High Court order in the Supreme Court · 3 Oct · GS2 · note
Buxa Tiger Reserve is located in West Bengal · 3 Oct · GS3 · note
Valmiki Tiger Reserve is located in Bihar · 3 Oct · GS3 · note
International Space Station (ISS) · 3 Oct · GS3 · note
Hyderabad: Venue of the conference where the framework was discussed. · 3 Oct · GS2 · note
Bandhavgarh tiger reserve is located in Madhya Pradesh · 3 Oct · GS3 · note
The Strait of Hormuz is the location where the MT Kazimah III was struck by a projectile. · 3 Oct · GS2 · note
Lomé is the port in Togo where the MT Kazimah III was en route. · 3 Oct · GS2 · note
Headquarters: Delhi · 3 Oct · GS2 · note
The identification involves features in the Union Territory of Ladakh. · 3 Oct · GS3 · note
Surat: Site of a 99% compliant market trial of 150 textile plants for emissions trading. · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
Rayalaseema is a region in Andhra Pradesh · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
Wayanan Wildlife Sanctuary is located within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
The study was conducted at Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur. · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
The facility is located on the Chennai-Tiruchi National Highway. · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
Wayanad: Proposed location for the world's first tribal university in Kerala. · 2 Oct · GS2 · note
Koyambedu bus terminus in Chennai: Location of the scheme's launch. · 2 Oct · GS2 · note
Buxa Tiger Reserve: Site of tigress release · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
Strait of Hormuz and Black Sea: Identified as key locations for logistics disruptions · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
Mahatma Gandhi was born in Porbandar. · 2 Oct · GS1 · note
Gogra, Hot Spring, Alisha Giri, and Brangsa are among the 28 identified features. · 2 Oct · GS1 · note
Kanishka Peak, Karun Pir mountain, and Zorawar Peak are included in the official SoI map update. · 2 Oct · GS1 · note
Parpik glacier and Skamri Glacier are identified geographical features in the Ladakh region. · 2 Oct · GS1 · note
Shachmirik Pass, Shkorga Valley, and Kumarayana Point are part of the newly identified strategic locations. · 2 Oct · GS1 · note
Erumely: Location in Kerala associated with the Sabarimala pilgrimage. · 2 Oct · GS2 · note
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station: Launch site located in Florida, USA · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
New Delhi: Venue of the BRICS summit mentioned in the article · 2 Oct · GS2 · note
Hisar: Birthplace of Gursaran Prasad Talwar · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
Kanjhawala: Site of an 1880 settlement and revenue survey · 2 Oct · GS1 · note
Raisina: Village displaced during the construction of New Delhi in 1911 · 2 Oct · GS1 · note
Karnataka government approved the Sustainable Data Centre Policy 2026–2031 · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
Round 5 of CEPA negotiations: scheduled to begin October 5 in Ottawa · 2 Oct · GS2 · note
Saran, Gopalganj, Muzaffarpur, West Champaran, and East Champaran are districts affected by the Gandak River and Shitalpur dam breaches. · 2 Oct · GS1 · note
Lake Victoria: A shared water body among Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. · 2 Oct · GS3 · note
A fruit market is being established at Koheda. · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Chalakudy division and Vazhachal division are located in the Thrissur district of Kerala. · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Tirumala: Location of the Karnataka Tourist Complex · 1 Oct · GS2 · note
Srirangapatna: A historical site in Karnataka featuring the Ranganathaswamy Temple. · 1 Oct · GS2 · note
The Global Horticulture Hub is being launched in Madanapalle. · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Coastal Tamil Nadu: Expected normal to above-normal rainfall from third week of October · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
North interior districts: Expected below-average rainfall · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Khavda, Gujarat, is the site of the world's largest single-location battery storage installation. · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
The proposed Tribal University is to be established in Wayanad. · 1 Oct · GS2 · note
Sambhal: District in Uttar Pradesh where the violence occurred on November 24, 2024. · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Praja Bhavan: Venue for the launch event in Telangana · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
NTR district: A district in Andhra Pradesh where enumeration is still pending · 1 Oct · GS2 · note
Class 6 pilot evaluations are limited to nine districts, including Adilabad and Hyderabad. · 1 Oct · GS2 · note
Arasavalli Sun God temple: Site selected for development under the Swadesh Darshan 2.0 scheme. · 1 Oct · GS2 · note
Dal Lake is located in Srinagar, Indian-administered Kashmir · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Pahalgam: Location of the terror attack leading to visa suspension · 1 Oct · GS2 · note
Delhi Government: Announced the Winter Action Plan 2026-27 on September 29. · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Bombay High Court: The judicial body that issued the ruling on September 30, 2026 · 1 Oct · GS2 · note
Chicago roundtable organized by the Consulate General in Chicago and U.S.-India Strategic Partnership Forum · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
G-20 Finance Ministers’ meeting held in Asheville · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Milwaukee: Location of the trade discussion · 1 Oct · GS2 · note
Maharaja Ajj Sarovar is located in Kharar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar. · 1 Oct · GS1 · note
ATREE (Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology andline) is based in Bengaluru. · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Paranur toll plaza is located on the Chennai - Tiruchi National Highway in Tamil Nadu. · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Kaliningrad: A Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea. · 1 Oct · GS2 · note
Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest number of traffic violations at nearly 9 crore. · 1 Oct · GS3 · note
Maximum temperatures were reported at Safdarjung, Palam, Lodi Road, The Ridge, and Ayanagar. · 1 Oct · GS3 · note

How these notes are made