Every news story that matters for the Science & Technology part of UPSC Civil Services GS3 (Economy · S&T · Environment · Security), written for the exam: why in news, background, prelims facts, a practice MCQ and a mains question. 1,461 notes so far, updated daily.
Syllabus topics covered: IT, AI, semiconductors & computing (528) · Space technology (ISRO, missions) (352) · Biotechnology & health research (249) · Nuclear & new energy technology (208) · Defence technology (120) · Intellectual property rights (4)
Why in news: The Indian Air Force’s Suryakiran Aerobatic Team is scheduled to perform demonstrations at Begumpet Airport, Hyderabad, during the Wings India 2026 event.
The Suryakiran Aerobatic Team has been performing since 1966 and utilizes BAE Hawk Mk.132 aircraft for demonstrations. Wings India 2026 is organized by the Ministry of Civil Aviation and takes place from January 28 to 31.
Prelims pointers (4)
PostSuryakiran Aerobatic Team: An aerobatic team of the Indian Air Force
FactBAE Hawk Mk.132: The specific aircraft model used by the Suryakiran team
PlaceBegumpet Airport: The venue for the Wings India 2026 aerobatic demonstrations in Hyderabad
FactWings India 2026: An aviation event organized by the Ministry of Civil Aviation
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of showcasing indigenous and collaborative aerospace capabilities in strengthening India's aviation ecosystem and strategic autonomy.
Strategic signaling: Demonstrating precision and synchronization as a tool for soft power and military prestige
Aviation ecosystem: Balancing civil aviation growth with defense technology integration and manufacturing
Why in news: Union Science and Technology Minister Jitendra Singh announced the removal of the three-year viability requirement for deep-tech start-ups to access DSIR funding.
The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) will provide up to ₹1 crore under the Industrial Research and Development Promotion Programme (IRDPP). The move targets deep-tech start-ups that previously had to prove three years of viability to access these funds.
Prelims pointers (4)
BodyDSIR: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
SchemeIRDPP: Industrial Research and Development Promotion Programme
FactFunding limit: Up to ₹1 crore for deep-tech start-ups
FactPrevious requirement: Three-year viability period removed
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how easing regulatory requirements for deep-tech start-ups can foster India's position in the global innovation ecosystem.
Capital accessibility: Reducing viability hurdles to bridge the 'valley of death' for early-stage deep-tech ventures
Institutional synergy: Coordinating funding between DSIR, DST, CSIR, and TDB for holistic startup support
Why in news: Air Chief Marshal A.P. Singh emphasized the necessity of timely aircraft delivery for operational readiness during the 'Aeronautics 2047' seminar hosted by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA).
The seminar celebrated the 25th anniversary of the LCA Tejas' flight trials. It focused on next-generation aircraft manufacturing, digital manufacturing, aerodynamics, propulsion, flight testing, and AI in aircraft design.
Prelims pointers (3)
BodyAeronautical Development Agency (ADA): Hosted the 'Aeronautics 2047' seminar.
FactLCA Tejas: Celebrated its 25th anniversary of flight trials during the seminar.
S&TAeronautics 2047: Seminar focused on AI in aircraft design and digital manufacturing.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of indigenous aerospace manufacturing in achieving India's goal of becoming a developed nation by 2047.
Supply chain vulnerability: High reliance on imported components for advanced propulsion and aerodynamics
Technological sovereignty: Transitioning from assembly to indigenous R&D in AI-driven aircraft design
Operational readiness: Impact of manufacturing delays on the IAF's capability to counter evolving global threats
Why in news: The Indian Army signed a ₹293 crore contract with NIBE Limited and Israel for the Suryastra, India's first Made in India universal multi-calibre rocket launcher.
The Suryastra system is capable of striking targets at ranges up to 300 km. The contract involves a collaboration between NIBE Limited and Israel for the supply of these long-range rocket launchers.
Prelims pointers (4)
FactSuryastra: India's first Made in India universal multi-calibre rocket launcher
FactSuryastra range: Capable of striking targets up to 300 km
FactContract value: ₹293 crore signed with NIBE Limited
PostNIBE Limited: Indian company collaborating with Israel for the rocket launcher system
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the 'Made in India' initiative in defence technology enhances India's strategic autonomy and deep-strike capabilities.
Strategic autonomy: Reducing reliance on foreign platforms through indigenous manufacturing
Operational reach: Enhancing deep-strike artillery firepower for rapid response
Technology transfer: Leveraging Israeli expertise to bolster domestic multi-calibre systems
Why in news: The Himachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2025 highlights significant economic and human losses in the state due to climate-induced disasters like extreme rainfall and glacial retreat.
The Himachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2025 identifies extreme rainfall, heatwaves, glacial retreat, and water stress as primary climate-induced threats. Environmentalists and scientists are calling for climate-resilient policies to protect agriculture, water security, and infrastructure.
Prelims pointers (3)
Report / IndexHimachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2025
PlaceHimachal Pradesh: State experiencing significant glacial retreat and water stress
FactClimate-induced disasters are impacting agriculture, water security, and infrastructure in Himachal Pradesh
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the necessity of climate-resilient infrastructure and policy frameworks in Himalayan states to mitigate the impacts of erratic weather patterns and glacial retreat.
Infrastructure vulnerability: High risk to mountain roads and bridges due to extreme rainfall and glacial melt
Water security risk: Impact of glacial retreat on perennial river flows and downstream irrigation
Agricultural instability: Shift in cropping patterns and yield due to erratic heatwaves and water stress
Why in news: SVIMS received a ₹8.55 crore grant from ICMR under the PM-ABHIM scheme to strengthen its IRDL lab for infectious disease diagnosis and research.
The Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS) received ₹8.55 crore from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The funding is specifically for the first year (Jan 1, 2026 - Dec 31, 2026) of a microbiology department project to enhance the Infectious Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (IRDL).
Prelims pointers (4)
BodyICMR: Indian Council of Medical Research
SchemePM-ABHIM: Prime Minister’s Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission
FactGrant amount: ₹8.55 crore for the first year of the project
PlaceSVIMS: Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how strengthening health infrastructure through schemes like PM-ABHIM can enhance India's preparedness against emerging infectious diseases.
Diagnostic capacity: Strengthening laboratory infrastructure to reduce turnaround time for infectious disease identification
Public-Private Synergy: Leveraging institutional research capabilities through central government funding and ICMR oversight
Keywords: Health Infrastructure · Infectious Disease Diagnosis · Public Health Research · PM-ABHIM · Laboratory Strengthening
Why in news: Sreekumar G. Pillai, former Deputy Chief Executive of the Nuclear Recycle Board at BARC, was appointed as the Director of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) starting January 1, 2026.
Sreekumar G. Pillai succeeds C.G. Karhadkar at IGCAR, Kalpakkam. Pillai has over three decades of experience in spent fuel reprocessing and radioactive waste management at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
Prelims pointers (3)
PostSreekumar G. Pillai: Director of Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR)
BodyBARC: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre is located in Mumbai
FactNuclear Recycle Board: Body at BARC dealing with spent fuel reprocessing and radioactive waste management
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of spent fuel reprocessing and radioactive waste management in India's pursuit of a sustainable and secure nuclear energy program.
Waste management: Technical challenges in long-term storage of high-level radioactive waste
Resource optimization: Role of spent fuel reprocessing in closing the nuclear fuel cycle
Safety protocols: Balancing rapid nuclear expansion with stringent environmental and radiological safety standards
Keywords: Nuclear Fuel Cycle · Radioactive Waste Management · Spent Fuel Reprocessing · Nuclear Energy Security · Atomic Research
Why in news: The Telangana government is finalizing the Detailed Project Report (DPR) for Phase-I of the Musi Rejuvenation Project to address river pollution and promote economic development.
The project covers a 21 km stretch from Osmansagar to Bapughat in Telangana. It includes an elevated corridor linking the Musi, Isa, Krishna, and Godavari rivers and the development of a Gandhi Sarovar with a 150-ft statue of Mahatma Gandhi.
Prelims pointers (4)
FactMusi Rejuvenation Project Phase-I covers a 21 km stretch from Osmansagar to Bapughat.
BodyThe Telangana government sought financial assistance of ₹4,100 crore from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
PlaceThe project includes an elevated corridor linking four rivers: Musi, Isa, Krishna, and Godavari.
FactThe project involves developing a Gandhi Sarovar featuring a 150-ft statue of Mahatma Gandhi.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of integrated river basin management in urban rejuvenation and sustainable economic development in India.
Financing model: Leveraging multilateral funding from institutions like the Asian Development Bank for large-scale environmental infrastructure
Inter-river connectivity: Balancing ecological flow and flood management across multiple river systems in a single corridor
Urban-Ecological nexus: Integrating cultural landmarks and economic corridors with river restoration to drive local development
Keywords: River Rejuvenation · Multilateral Funding · Urban Planning · Sustainable Development · Ecological Restoration
Why in news: Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw virtually witnessed the completion of a 1.5-kilometer mountain tunnel in Palghar, Maharashtra, as part of the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail project.
The Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail is a 508-kilometer project designed for speeds up to 320 kmph. It received technical and financial assistance from Japan and recently completed a 5-kilometer underground tunnel between Thane and BKC in September 2025.
Prelims pointers (5)
FactMumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail project length is 508 kilometers
FactMaximum operating speed of the bullet train is 320 kmph
PlacePalghar district in Maharashtra is the site of the 1.5-kilometer mountain tunnel breakthrough
FactA 5-kilometer underground tunnel between Thane and BKC was completed in September 2025
FactThe project involves technical and financial assistance from Japan
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of high-speed rail infrastructure in enhancing regional connectivity and economic integration in India.
Logistical efficiency: Reduction in travel time between major industrial hubs like Mumbai and Ahmedabad
Technological leap: Integration of Japanese high-speed rail technology with Indian geological conditions
Economic multiplier: Stimulating corridor development and industrial growth along the 508-km rail stretch
Why in news: The Tamil Nadu Forest Department announced the commencement of the first phase of the All India Tiger Estimation (AITE) 2026 to assess tiger populations and habitat conditions.
The AITE 2026 is a nationwide effort conducted by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). The exercise involves assessing tiger populations, co-predators, and prey base across forest divisions until the end of February.
Prelims pointers (4)
BodyNational Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA): The primary body responsible for tiger conservation in India.
BodyWildlife Institute of India (WII): The body collaborating with NTCA for the AITE 2026.
FactAITE 2026 methodology: Includes sign surveys, line transects, camera trapping, and genetic sampling.
PlaceTamil Nadu: Location of the first phase of the estimation exercise starting January 5.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of scientific monitoring and genetic sampling in ensuring the long-term conservation of apex predators like tigers in India.
Methodological accuracy: Integration of genetic sampling and camera trapping to reduce human error in population estimation
Ecosystem health: Assessing prey base and co-predator dynamics to ensure sustainable habitat viability
Inter-agency coordination: Synergy between state forest departments and national bodies like NTCA and WII
Why in news: The Centre and Hindustan Insecticides Limited are collaborating to establish an effluent treatment plant for the polluted Kuzhikandam creek in Eloor under the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) program.
The project aims to remediate the Kuzhikandam creek in Eloor, which was identified as heavily polluted by the Central Pollution Control Board. Funding will be shared with polluting industries based on the 'polluter pays principle' for the Eloor-Edayar stretch.
Prelims pointers (4)
BodyCentral Pollution Control Board (CPCB): Body responsible for identifying the contamination in Kuzhikandam creek
SchemeNational Clean Energy Fund (NCEF): The national initiative under which the remediation project is being funded
FactPolluter Pays Principle: The governing principle for cost-sharing between the government and industrial units for remediation
PlaceEloor-Edayar stretch: The specific geographical area targeted for industrial remediation
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the efficacy of the 'polluter pays principle' in managing industrial pollution in ecologically sensitive zones like the Eloor-Edayar stretch.
Regulatory oversight: Ensuring accurate quantification of industrial effluent contributions to creek contamination
Fiscal mechanism: Balancing government funding with industrial liability to ensure rapid remediation of heavy pollution
Keywords: Polluter Pays Principle · Effluent Treatment · Environmental Remediation · Industrial Pollution · National Clean Energy Fund
Why in news: The Tamil Nadu government revised the District Mineral Foundation (DMF) Rules, 2025, to mandate that 70% of funds be spent on areas directly affected by mining.
The revised rules increase penalties for mining companies failing to contribute to the DMF fund. Districts with annual collections of ₹10 crore or more must maintain an endowment fund for sustainable livelihoods in post-mining areas.
Prelims pointers (3)
BodyDistrict Collector serves as the chairperson of the DMF Trust, Governing Council, and Managing Committee
FactMinimum of 70% of DMF funds must be spent on directly affected areas
FactEndowment fund for sustainable livelihoods is required for districts with annual collections of ₹10 crore or more
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of District Mineral Foundation (DMF) funds in ensuring sustainable livelihood and environmental restoration in mining-affected regions of India.
Livelihood transition: Ensuring economic viability for communities after mining activity ceases
Regulatory oversight: Strengthening penalty mechanisms to ensure mandatory corporate contributions to DMF
Spatial equity: Ensuring 70% fund allocation reaches the most directly impacted local populations
Keywords: Sustainable Livelihoods · Corporate Social Responsibility · Environmental Restoration · District Mineral Foundation · Regulatory Compliance
Why in news: Scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) used NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to discover a partially collapsed inner wall in the circumstellar disk of the star T. Chamaeleontis.
The star T. Chamaeleontis (T. Cha) is located 350 light years from Earth. The discovery revealed the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the star's disk, which are precursors to life's chemistry.
Prelims pointers (4)
S&TT. Chamaeleontis (T. Cha) is a young star located 350 light years from Earth.
S&TPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are identified as important precursors to life's chemistry.
S&TThe James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was used to observe the circumstellar disk of T. Cha.
FactThe collapse of the inner wall allowed ultraviolet radiation to flood and illuminate the outer disk.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how advancements in space-based observational technologies like the James Webb Space Telescope are reshaping our understanding of planetary formation and prebiotic chemistry.
Chemical evolution: Role of PAHs as precursors to life's chemistry in circumstellar disks
Observational leap: JWST's ability to penetrate dusty veils to study low-mass star environments
Why in news: Mahatma Gandhi University researchers developed an AI-based 'Drowsiness Detection System' to identify driver fatigue in real time and received a government patent.
The system utilizes a metric-learning architecture to analyze facial expressions and eye movements. It is designed to send real-time alerts to drivers to prevent accidents caused by fatigue.
Prelims pointers (3)
S&TDrowsiness Detection System: AI-based system developed by Mahatma Gandhi University researchers.
FactMetric-learning architecture: The specific AI architecture used to analyze facial expressions and eye movements.
PostIndian Government: The body that granted the patent for the drowsiness detection innovation.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how AI-driven real-time monitoring systems can enhance road safety and mitigate human-error-related accidents in India's transport sector.
Data privacy: Balancing real-time facial expression monitoring with individual privacy rights
Infrastructure gap: High cost of retrofitting AI sensors in commercial and public transport fleets
Liability framework: Legal complexities in determining accountability when AI alerts are ignored by drivers
Why in news: President Droupadi Murmu emphasized AI as a critical growth driver for India's economy and stressed the need for inclusive benefits for the underprivileged.
These programs aim to promote AI education, skill development, and position India as a global leader in the technology.
Prelims pointers (3)
SchemeIndia AI Mission: Government initiative to promote AI education and skill development.
SchemeSkill the Nation Challenge: Initiative aimed at preparing a future-ready workforce for AI.
FactAI is identified as a critical growth driver for India's economy.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the India AI Mission can bridge the digital divide and ensure inclusive economic growth for underprivileged sections of Indian society.
Digital divide: Risk of AI-driven inequality if access to high-end computing and data remains concentrated
Skill gap: Requirement for large-scale vocational training to transition traditional labor into AI-augmented roles
Inclusive growth: Need for localized AI applications in vernacular languages to reach rural populations
Keywords: Digital Inclusion · Skill Development · Economic Growth · Technological Sovereignty · Human Capital
Why in news: A study in the journal Catena revealed that Kaziranga National Park's vegetation evolved from tropical dense mixed forest to grasslands over 3,000 years due to climate change and human pressure.
Scientists analyzed soil samples from the Sohola swamp in Kaziranga National Park. The study found a 3,000-year transition to open landscapes, which facilitated the growth of large herbivore populations like the Indian one-horned rhinoceros.
Prelims pointers (4)
PlaceSohola swamp is a specific site within Kaziranga National Park.
EnvironmentKaziranga hosts more than 70% of the world's one-horned rhinoceros population.
EnvironmentMimosa is identified as an invasive species requiring management in the park.
FactThe vegetation transition in the park occurred over a period of 3,000 years.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how anthropogenic pressures and climatic shifts influence the ecological succession of protected landscapes and the conservation of flagship species.
Ecological succession: Transition from dense tropical forests to grasslands altering herbivore niches
Invasive species management: Impact of Mimosa on native biodiversity and rhino habitat
Why in news: DRDO successfully conducted a salvo launch of two indigenous Pralay missiles from a single launcher off the Odisha coast to establish system reliability.
The test involved a salvo launch of two Pralay missiles from the same launcher. The mission objectives were confirmed by tracking sensors and telemetry systems during the December 31, 2025, trial.
Prelims pointers (2)
S&TPralay: An indigenous missile system developed by DRDO.
FactThe test involved a salvo launch of two missiles from a single launcher.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of indigenous missile technology in enhancing India's strategic autonomy and deterrence capabilities.
Technological sovereignty: Reducing reliance on foreign components for high-precision missile systems
Strategic deterrence: Enhancing rapid-response capabilities through multi-missile salvo launch capabilities
Why in news: The Principal Scientific Advisor to the government published a white paper advocating for democratizing access to AI infrastructure to prevent the concentration of power among large firms and Western tech giants.
The white paper emphasizes making foundational resources like compute capacity and datasets available to smaller players and non-urban hubs. It aligns with the IndiaAI Mission, which provides GPUs to researchers and startups to foster responsible AI development.
Prelims pointers (3)
S&TIndiaAI Mission: A government initiative providing GPUs to researchers and startups.
FactKey AI infrastructure components identified: compute capacity and datasets.
PostPrincipal Scientific Advisor: The official responsible for the white paper on AI infrastructure.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of democratizing AI infrastructure in India to ensure equitable technological growth and prevent monopolistic control by global tech giants.
Market concentration: Risk of 'compute-divide' where only large firms can afford high-end GPU clusters.
Data sovereignty: Balancing open access to datasets with privacy and national security concerns.
Infrastructure gap: Need for decentralized data centers to support rural and SME-led AI innovation.
Keywords: Democratization of technology · Compute capacity · IndiaAI Mission · Responsible AI · Digital divide · Monopolistic concentration
Why in news: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology issued an advisory to social media platforms directing the proactive removal of obscene and pornographic content using automated technology.
The advisory targets large social media platforms with over 50 lakh users. It mandates the use of technology for automatic detection and removal of content under the IT Rules, 2021.
Prelims pointers (4)
Act / BillIT Rules, 2021: Framework governing social media intermediaries and content moderation.
FactThreshold for large platforms: Over 50 lakh users.
BodyMinistry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY): Nodal ministry for IT regulations.
FactSafe harbor exemption: Legal protection for intermediaries if they comply with content removal rules.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in balancing the right to freedom of speech with the state's obligation to regulate obscene content on digital platforms.
Regulatory friction: Balancing individual freedom of expression against state-mandated content moderation standards.
Technological bottleneck: Accuracy of automated AI filters in distinguishing between artistic expression and prohibited obscenity.
Liability shift: The erosion of 'safe harbor' protections and its impact on the growth of domestic digital ecosystems.
Why in news: The Ministry of Defence signed contracts worth ₹4,666 crore for the acquisition of Close Quarter Battle (CQB) Carbines and Heavyweight Torpedoes to bolster Indian Army and Navy capabilities.
The Ministry of Defence signed two contracts: one for 4.25 lakh CQB Carbines from Bharat Forge Ltd and PLR Systems Pvt Ltd (₹2,770 crore), and another for 48 Heavyweight Torpedoes from WASS Submarine Systems S.R.L., Italy (₹1,896 crore). Deliveries for the torpedoes are scheduled between April 2028 and early 2030.
Prelims pointers (5)
FactTotal value of defence contracts signed: ₹4,666 crore
FactQuantity of CQB Carbines to be supplied: over 4.25 lakh
FactTorpedoes are intended for the Indian Navy's Kalvari Class submarines
PostBharat Forge Ltd and PLR Systems Pvt Ltd are the domestic suppliers for carbines
PlaceWASS Submarine Systems S.R.L. is an Italian firm supplying torpedoes
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative in enhancing India's indigenous defence manufacturing capabilities and reducing import dependency.
Strategic autonomy: Reducing reliance on foreign OEMs for critical naval weaponry like torpedoes
Industrial synergy: Leveraging private sector manufacturing (Bharat Forge) for large-scale small arms production
Why in news: The Hindu Editorial highlighted that while India regulates AI through the IT Act and financial/data rules, it lacks a dedicated consumer safety regime regarding the state's duty of care.
India currently regulates AI use via the IT Act and Rules, financial sector regulations, and data protection rules. The editorial notes a specific absence of a consumer safety regime addressing the state's duty of care for AI applications.
Prelims pointers (3)
S&TIndia regulates AI use through the IT Act and Rules.
FactCurrent AI regulation includes financial sector regulations and data protection rules.
BodyIndia currently lacks a dedicated consumer safety regime for AI duty of care.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the necessity of a dedicated consumer safety regime for Artificial Intelligence in India to balance technological innovation with the state's duty of care.
Regulatory gap: Absence of specific consumer safety frameworks for AI-driven harms
Legal ambiguity: Reliance on existing IT Act vs. specialized AI-specific legislation
Duty of care: Defining state liability in automated decision-making and algorithmic bias
Keywords: Duty of care · Regulatory framework · Algorithmic accountability · Consumer protection · Digital governance
Why in news: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) conducted the maiden flight of the Dhruv NG multi-role helicopter in Bengaluru to showcase indigenous rotary-wing advancement.
The Dhruv NG is a 5.5-tonne, light twin-engine helicopter featuring a glass cockpit and advanced avionics. It is designed for civilian roles such as VIP transport, passenger utility, Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS), and disaster relief.
Prelims pointers (3)
S&TDhruv NG: A 5.5-tonne, light twin-engine multi-role helicopter developed by HAL
FactDhruv NG features include enhanced power engines and a glass cockpit for situational awareness
PostHAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited) is the primary body responsible for the Dhruv NG development
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of indigenous rotary-wing technology in enhancing India's disaster management and internal security capabilities.
Strategic autonomy: Reducing reliance on foreign OEMs for critical aerospace components
Versatility: Multi-role capability bridging civilian utility and emergency response requirements
Why in news: ISRO and astronomer Dr. Jonathan McDowell reported that the Moon's gravitational influence significantly altered the orbit of the Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module in November 2025.
The Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module experienced a close encounter with the Moon in November 2025. The resulting new orbit is described as much larger, tilted, and more extreme than its previous trajectory.
Prelims pointers (3)
S&TChandrayaan-3 propulsion module orbit was altered by lunar gravitational influence in November 2025
S&TThe event provided insights into disturbance torque effects in spaceflight
FactThe module's new orbit is larger and more tilted than its previous trajectory
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of lunar gravitational perturbations and disturbance torque effects in the precision navigation of deep-space missions.
Orbital mechanics: Gravitational influence of celestial bodies on spacecraft trajectory stability
Navigation precision: Managing disturbance torque effects during lunar proximity maneuvers
Keywords: Orbital Mechanics · Gravitational Perturbation · Disturbance Torque · Space Exploration · Trajectory Analysis
Why in news: DRDO successfully conducted the maiden flight test of the Long Range Guided Rocket (LRGR–120) at the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, demonstrating a 120-km strike range.
The LRGR-120 was developed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) in association with HEMRL, DRDL, and RCI. The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved a ₹79,000 crore procurement plan for its development and deployment.
Prelims pointers (3)
S&TLRGR-120: A Long Range Guided Rocket with a maximum strike range of 120 km.
BodyDRDO: Defence Research and Development Organisation responsible for the rocket's testing.
FactDAC: Approved a ₹79,000 crore procurement plan for the LRGR-120.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of indigenous long-range guided rocket systems in enhancing India's multi-domain deterrence capabilities and reducing import dependency.
Strategic autonomy: Reducing reliance on foreign precision-guided munitions for border defense
R&D synergy: Integration of multi-laboratory expertise (ARDE, HEMRL, DRDL, RCI) in indigenous tech
Fiscal allocation: Balancing high-capital procurement costs with rapid technological modernization
Why in news: The Union government is planning to organize the AI Impact Summit in February at a scale comparable to the 2023 G20 Summit to discuss global governance and safety protocols.
The summit aims to host 15 to 20 heads of state alongside researchers and leaders from firms like Anthropic and Google Deepmind. Key themes include AI's impact on work, trust, safety protocols, and establishing a global governance framework for the Global South.
Prelims pointers (3)
FactThe AI Impact Summit aims for participation from 15 to 20 heads of state.
S&TAnthropic and Google Deepmind are identified as key AI firms participating in the summit.
FactThe summit aims to promote a global governance framework balancing market regulation with caution.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the necessity of a global governance framework for Artificial Intelligence to ensure equitable access and safety for the Global South.
Regulatory dilemma: Balancing rapid market innovation with stringent safety protocols and ethical guardrails.
Digital divide: Ensuring technology transfer and equitable access for Global South nations against monopolistic AI dominance.
Keywords: Global Governance · Artificial Intelligence · Global South · Safety Protocols · Market Regulation
Why in news: Bengaluru was ranked fifth globally for its AI ecosystem in the Global Start-up Ecosystem Report 2025, highlighting Karnataka's technological leadership.
Bengaluru ranked fifth globally in the Global Start-up Ecosystem Report 2025 for its AI ecosystem. Karnataka also adopted its own State Education Policy (SEP) in 2025.
Prelims pointers (3)
Report / IndexGlobal Start-up Ecosystem Report 2025 ranked Bengaluru fifth globally for its AI ecosystem
FactKarnataka adopted its own State Education Policy (SEP) in 2025
PlaceBengaluru, Karnataka
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the factors contributing to Bengaluru's emergence as a global AI hub and the implications of state-specific education policies on human capital development.
Infrastructure synergy: Availability of high-speed data and tech-centric urban planning in Bengaluru
Policy autonomy: Impact of State Education Policy (SEP) on aligning regional workforce with global tech demands
Startup ecosystem: Role of venture capital and R&D incentives in fostering AI innovation
Keywords: AI ecosystem · Human capital · State Education Policy · Technological leadership · Startup ecosystem
Why in news: The Indian Navy, in collaboration with Hodi Innovations and the Ministry of Culture, is launching the maiden overseas voyage of INSV Kaundinya to Oman to revive indigenous shipbuilding knowledge.
INSV Kaundinya is a stitched sailing vessel constructed using traditional techniques. The project is a collaborative effort between the Indian Navy, Hodi Innovations, and the Ministry of Culture.
Prelims pointers (3)
BodyINSV Kaundinya is a stitched sailing vessel built using traditional techniques.
FactThe vessel is embarking on its maiden overseas voyage to Oman.
PostThe project involves a collaboration between the Indian Navy, Hodi Innovations, and the Ministry of Culture.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of reviving traditional maritime technologies in strengthening India's maritime heritage and contemporary naval capabilities.
Cultural preservation: Reviving indigenous shipbuilding knowledge systems to preserve maritime heritage
Strategic synergy: Integrating traditional craftsmanship with modern naval objectives for maritime diplomacy
Keywords: Indigenous shipbuilding · Maritime heritage · Traditional techniques · Maritime diplomacy · Cultural preservation
Why in news: Indian astronomers discovered 'Alaknanda', an implausibly old spiral galaxy formed only 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang, challenging existing galaxy formation models.
Rashi Jain, a PhD student at the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) in Pune, identified the galaxy using public data from the UNCOVER survey. The galaxy features two clear spiral arms and a small central bulge, structures typically thought to take much longer to develop.
Prelims pointers (4)
S&TAlaknanda: A spiral galaxy discovered by Indian astronomers to have formed 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang.
BodyNational Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA): Located in Pune, India.
S&TJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Source of the data used for the discovery.
FactUNCOVER survey: The specific survey providing the public JWST data analyzed by the team.
Mains angle
Q. How do recent astronomical discoveries like the 'Alaknanda' galaxy challenge existing cosmological models of early universe evolution?
Model discrepancy: Current theories suggest spiral structures require longer formation periods than the 1.5 billion year timeframe observed.
Observational advancement: Enhanced resolution from JWST allows for identifying complex galactic morphologies in the early universe.
Why in news: The Supreme Court took suo motu cognisance of the dispute over the definition of the Aravalli hills to address mining lease issues.
A vacation bench comprising CJI Surya Kant and Justices J.K. Maheshwari and Augustine George Masih is hearing the case. The court previously accepted a uniform definition for the Aravalli range and banned fresh mining leases pending expert reports.
Prelims pointers (3)
PlaceAravalli hills: A mountain range in India subject to a court-mandated uniform definition.
FactThe Supreme Court banned fresh mining leases within designated Aravalli areas until expert reports are available.
PostCJI Surya Kant: Presiding over the vacation bench for the Aravalli hills hearing.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the legal and ecological implications of defining geographical boundaries to regulate industrial activities like mining in ecologically sensitive zones.
Regulatory ambiguity: Lack of a uniform definition leading to unauthorized mining and ecological degradation
Judicial intervention: Suo motu action as a mechanism to address environmental degradation where legislative oversight fails
Why in news: ISRO announced the ISRO Robotics Challenge - URSC (IRoC-U 2026) to invite student teams to develop autonomous navigation systems for future space missions, including Martian surface exploration.
The challenge focuses on developing autonomous navigation techniques without relying on external aids like GPS or reflectors. Participants must build micro-UAVs and base stations capable of autonomous navigation, landing, data transfer, and recharging.
Prelims pointers (3)
S&TIRoC-U 2026: ISRO Robotics Challenge focused on autonomous navigation for planetary exploration
FactRegistration deadline for the ISRO Robotics Challenge is January 12, 2026
S&TThe challenge specifically targets the development of autonomous aerial swarms for space missions
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of developing autonomous navigation systems for planetary exploration and how such initiatives can foster a robust space-tech ecosystem in India.
Technological sovereignty: Reducing dependence on external GPS signals for deep-space and planetary navigation
Human capital development: Bridging the gap between academic research and practical aerospace engineering applications
Keywords: Autonomous Navigation · Space Exploration · UAV Swarms · Deep Space Missions · Technological Sovereignty
Why in news: Convergence Energy Services Limited (CESL) concluded India's largest electric bus tender for 10,900 buses under the PM E-DRIVE Scheme to reduce CO2 emissions.
CESL, a subsidiary of Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), secured a tender for 10,900 electric buses. The initiative aims to reduce over 4 million tonnes of CO2 emissions across five major cities, with Andhra Pradesh receiving 750 e-buses.
Prelims pointers (5)
BodyCESL: A subsidiary of Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)
SchemePM E-DRIVE Scheme: Government initiative for electric bus procurement
FactTotal e-buses in tender: 10,900
FactAndhra Pradesh allocation: 750 e-buses (including 150 for Visakhapatnam)
FactProjected CO2 reduction: Over 4 million tonnes
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the transition to electric public transport under schemes like PM E-DRIVE contributes to India's climate goals and urban air quality management.
Infrastructure bottleneck: Requirement for high-density charging stations and grid stability in urban centers
Emission mitigation: Quantifiable reduction in carbon footprint and particulate matter in metropolitan hubs
Fiscal strategy: Leveraging public-private partnerships to scale EV manufacturing and deployment
Keywords: Decarbonization · Public Transport Electrification · PM E-DRIVE Scheme · Emission Mitigation · Sustainable Urban Mobility
Why in news: The Karnataka government completed a drone-powered GIS survey of state lakes to identify encroachments and create a centralized database for conservation.
The survey identified 41,225 out of 41,849 lakes in Karnataka with an accuracy of 5 centimeters. Bengaluru Urban and Rural districts were identified as the worst performers, with over 80% of their lakes affected by encroachment.
Prelims pointers (3)
FactKarnataka lake survey accuracy: 5 centimeters.
PlaceBengaluru Urban and Rural districts: Identified with over 80% lake encroachment.
BodyDepartment of Survey Settlement and Land Records: Body responsible for the Karnataka lake survey.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and drone technology can enhance urban lake conservation and land record management in India.
Data integrity: Challenges in reconciling drone-captured spatial data with existing manual land records
Urban planning: Conflict between rapid infrastructure expansion and the preservation of blue-green corridors
Enforcement gap: Difficulty in penalizing encroachments despite high-accuracy spatial mapping
Keywords: Geographic Information System · Spatial Data · Urban Ecology · Land Records · Encroachment
Why in news: Researchers at NITK developed SVALSA, an integrated landslide early warning framework using machine learning to address limitations in existing systems in the Western Ghats.
The SVALSA framework combines rainfall analysis, real-time soil behavior monitoring, and machine learning to provide reliable warnings. It is designed for hill roads, highways, railway cuttings, and settlements on steep slopes in the Western Ghats.
Prelims pointers (3)
S&TSVALSA: An integrated landslide early warning framework developed by NITK.
FactSVALSA operates through a three-stage warning mechanism: rainfall data analysis, soil stability assessment, and surface movement monitoring.
PlaceThe framework is specifically designed for the Western Ghats region.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the integration of machine learning and real-time monitoring can enhance disaster risk reduction in ecologically sensitive zones like the Western Ghats.
Data accuracy: Reducing false alarms through multi-stage analysis of rainfall and soil behavior
Infrastructure resilience: Protecting critical corridors like railway cuttings and hill roads from landslide-induced damage
Keywords: Machine Learning · Disaster Risk Reduction · Early Warning System · Geotechnical Monitoring · Western Ghats
Why in news: FSSAI is replacing the mandatory BIS certification for packaged drinking water in Tamil Nadu with a stricter testing framework effective January 1st.
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is introducing a new testing scheme for packaged drinking water and mineral water. The move replaces the previous mandatory Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) certification in Tamil Nadu.
Prelims pointers (4)
BodyFSSAI: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
BodyBIS: Bureau of Indian Standards
FactNew testing framework for packaged drinking water becomes effective on January 1st
PlaceTamil Nadu: State where the mandatory BIS certification is being replaced
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the trade-offs between stringent food safety standards and the operational viability of small-scale manufacturing units in India.
Compliance burden: Increased operational costs for manufacturers due to more frequent and rigorous testing requirements
Monitoring gap: Potential lack of sufficient accredited testing laboratories to ensure consistent quality oversight
Regulatory shift: Transition from certification-based oversight to testing-based compliance frameworks
Keywords: Regulatory compliance · Public health safety · Operational costs · Quality assurance · Standardization
Why in news: The Kerala General Education department's KITE initiative is hosting camps for 14,804 students to develop weather models using programming and robotic kits.
KITE is the technology arm of the General Education department in Kerala. The initiative involves students creating weather models and digital content using animation software like OpenToonz.
Prelims pointers (4)
BodyKITE: The technology arm of the General Education department in Kerala
Fact14,804 students are participating in the Little KITEs camps to develop weather models
S&TOpenToonz: Animation software used by students for creating digital content
FactAdvanced robotic kits are scheduled to be available in all schools starting January 2026
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how integrating robotics and programming into school curricula can enhance scientific literacy and foster innovation among students in India.
Pedagogical shift: Moving from rote learning to project-based learning using robotics
Infrastructure gap: Disparity in access to high-end robotic kits across rural and urban schools
Keywords: STEM education · Digital literacy · Project-based learning · Robotics in education · Skill development
Why in news: The Indian government passed the SHANTI Act, 2025, to allow private companies to participate in the nuclear sector while granting blanket RTI exemptions for nuclear-related information.
The SHANTI Act, 2025 replaces two existing laws to provide a single license for private entities to build, operate, or decommission nuclear power plants and fabricate nuclear fuel. The Act includes provisions for private participation but faces criticism over transparency and environmental risks like groundwater contamination.
Prelims pointers (3)
Act / BillSHANTI Act, 2025: Enables private sector participation in India's nuclear power sector.
FactThe Act provides a single license for building, operating, decommissioning plants, and fabricating nuclear fuel.
FactThe Act grants blanket exemptions from the Right to Information (RTI) for nuclear facility information.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the trade-offs between promoting private investment in the nuclear energy sector and ensuring public transparency and environmental safety in India.
Transparency-Security Paradox: Balancing public's right to information against national security concerns in nuclear infrastructure.
Environmental Liability: Risks of radioactive groundwater contamination and the technical complexities of decommissioning private-sector plants.
Regulatory Oversight: Ensuring private entities adhere to stringent safety protocols without the direct oversight of state-run bodies.
Keywords: Nuclear Governance · Public-Private Partnership · Right to Information · Environmental Impact Assessment · Nuclear Decommissioning
Why in news: The Ministry of Environment approved the 260-megawatt Dulhasti Stage-II hydropower project on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir despite the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan.
The project is an extension of the existing Dulhasti Stage-I Hydro Electric Project. It is designed to generate 260 MW of energy annually and allows for the floating of construction tenders.
BodyMinistry of Environment: Body responsible for approving the project
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges of balancing large-scale hydroelectric development with ecological preservation and transboundary water diplomacy in the Himalayan region.
Transboundary friction: Impact of unilateral project approvals on the Indus Waters Treaty framework
Ecological risk: Potential impact of large-scale hydro projects on Himalayan riverine biodiversity
Energy security: Balancing regional power demands with environmental sustainability goals
Keywords: Hydroelectric power · Transboundary water · Indus Waters Treaty · Renewable energy · Environmental clearance
Why in news: The Delhi High Court directed the Centre to submit an affidavit on a plea to reduce GST on air purifiers by classifying them as medical devices to combat worsening air quality.
The petition filed by advocate Kapil Madan seeks to reclassify air purifiers as medical devices. The current GST rate on air purifiers is 18%, and the court has directed the GST Council to meet to consider a reduction or abolition of this tax.
Prelims pointers (3)
FactCurrent GST rate on air purifiers: 18%
BodyGST Council: The body responsible for making decisions on Goods and Services Tax rates in India
PlaceDelhi High Court: The judicial body overseeing the petition regarding air purifier taxation
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the intersection of public health and fiscal policy in addressing urban air pollution in India. Can tax incentives effectively mitigate environmental health hazards?
Fiscal policy trade-offs: Balancing revenue loss from tax cuts against public health benefits of air purification
Regulatory classification: Challenges in defining 'medical devices' for non-clinical environmental protection tools
Keywords: Fiscal Federalism · Public Health Policy · Environmental Mitigation · Taxation Reform