Every news story that matters for the Internal Security part of UPSC Civil Services GS3 (Economy · S&T · Environment · Security), written for the exam: why in news, background, prelims facts, a practice MCQ and a mains question. 460 notes so far, updated daily.
Why in news: The Supreme Court referred a larger bench to examine if prolonged incarceration and trial delays can override stringent bail restrictions under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).
The Supreme Court granted six months of interim bail to Abdul Khalid Saifi and Tasleem Ahmad, accused in the 2020 Delhi riots case. The UAPA, 1967, empowers the Centre to designate both organisations and individuals as 'terrorists'.
Prelims pointers (3)
Act / BillUnlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) was enacted in 1967
FactThe Supreme Court granted six months of interim bail to the accused in the 2020 Delhi riots case
FactUAPA empowers the Centre to designate both organisations and individuals as 'terrorists'
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the tension between the state's power to curb terrorism through stringent bail restrictions and the fundamental right to a speedy trial under the UAPA.
Judicial oversight: Balancing national security imperatives against the risk of arbitrary prolonged incarceration
Legislative intent: Evaluating the proportionality of UAPA's bail curbs versus the right to personal liberty
Keywords: proportionality · personal liberty · judicial review · national security · speedy trial
Why in news: Manipur CM Yumnam Khemchand Singh assured an NIA probe into the alleged abduction of six Naga men amidst ongoing unrest and a shutdown by Kuki Inpi Manipur.
The Kuki Inpi Manipur extended its shutdown for 48 hours to demand the release of 14 Kuki people, including three minors. The United Naga Council (UNC), led by Ng. Lorho, is urging the government to intensify search-and-rescue operations for missing villagers.
Prelims pointers (2)
FactKuki Inpi Manipur shutdown: Extended for 48 hours to pressure the government.
FactAbduction case: Involves six Naga men and 14 Kuki people (including three minors) held by unidentified groups.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in maintaining internal security and communal harmony in Manipur, highlighting the role of central investigative agencies in resolving cross-border and ethnic conflicts.
Jurisdictional friction: Coordination between state police and NIA in sensitive ethnic conflict zones
Intelligence gap: Difficulty in tracking non-state actors across porous borders in the Northeast
Human rights concerns: Balancing rapid search-and-rescue operations with the protection of civil liberties during unrest
Why in news: The Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) warned of a phishing campaign where hackers impersonate Apple Support to steal credentials from users of lost or stolen iPhones.
The I4C identified a campaign where hackers send fraudulent SMS messages containing phishing links. These links lead to counterfeit login pages designed to harvest Apple ID credentials and One-Time Passwords (OTPs).
Prelims pointers (3)
BodyI4C: Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre is the body issuing the warning.
FactThe phishing campaign specifically targets users of lost or stolen iPhones.
Q. Discuss the evolving nature of cyber-threats targeting personal data and the institutional measures required to safeguard digital identities in India.
Identity theft: Exploitation of 'Find My' services to harvest credentials via social engineering
Regulatory gap: Need for stricter accountability for third-party messaging platforms in phishing dissemination
Keywords: Cybersecurity · Phishing · Social Engineering · Data Privacy · Digital Identity
Why in news: The Centre informed the Supreme Court it will repatriate individuals deported to Bangladesh and verify their citizenship claims following a Calcutta High Court order deeming such deportations illegal.
The Calcutta High Court overturned the deportation of Sunali Khatun and others in September 2025. The Supreme Court is hearing a challenge by the Centre against this order, with a hearing scheduled for July 2026.
Prelims pointers (4)
FactThe Calcutta High Court set aside the deportation of Sunali Khatun and others in September 2025.
BodyThe Supreme Court is hearing a plea by the Centre challenging the Calcutta High Court's order.
FactThe Supreme Court allowed entry of Sunali Khatun and her child on humanitarian grounds on December 3, 2025.
FactThe deportation occurred on June 26, 2025, following a Home Ministry notification for identity verification.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the legal and administrative challenges in balancing national security concerns regarding illegal migration with the protection of fundamental rights of residents in border states.
Judicial oversight: Conflict between executive deportation powers and High Court's scrutiny of 'illegal' administrative actions
Verification bottleneck: Difficulty in establishing citizenship for individuals lacking documentary proof in border regions
Humanitarian considerations: Balancing state security protocols with the right to life and liberty for residents
Why in news: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) amended the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) rules to mandate that applicants declare and surrender passports from Pakistan, Afghanistan, or Bangladesh.
The MHA amendment requires applicants to disclose whether they hold valid or expired passports from Pakistan, Afghanistan, or Bangladesh. Applicants must also provide details of their entry into India and surrender these passports upon approval of their citizenship.
Prelims pointers (3)
BodyMinistry of Home Affairs (MHA) is the nodal ministry for the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)
FactThe amendment specifically targets passports from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh
Act / BillCAA rules require the surrender of foreign passports upon approval of citizenship
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in identifying and regularizing the status of undocumented migrants while ensuring national security and constitutional integrity.
Documentation gap: Difficulty in verifying eligibility for communities with limited access to formal identification
Security-Identity nexus: Balancing the need for rigorous border management with the rights of persecuted minorities
Administrative hurdle: Complexity in tracking and verifying expired foreign travel documents
Why in news: Families of abducted Kuki-Zo people in Manipur appealed for the release of captives after the United Naga Council (UNC) deadline expired following a brawl-triggered conflict.
The conflict between Kuki-Zo and Naga communities in Manipur's hill districts began in February following a brawl. The United Naga Council (UNC) demanded the government secure the release of Nagas missing since May 13th.
Prelims pointers (3)
PlaceKuki-Zo and Naga communities are involved in the conflict in Manipur's hill districts
Fact14 Kuki-Zo people were reported abducted in the hill districts
FactThe conflict began in February following a brawl
Mains angle
Q. Examine the factors contributing to ethnic and communal violence in Northeast India and suggest measures to ensure internal security and communal harmony.
Institutional bottleneck: Delay in mediation between tribal bodies and state home department
Security gap: Difficulty in monitoring remote hill districts during active communal brawls
Social friction: Breakdown of traditional peace-sharing mechanisms between Kuki-Zo and Naga communities
Keywords: Internal Security · Communal Violence · Ethnic Conflict · Peacekeeping · Human Rights
Why in news: West Bengal Minister Ashok Kirtania announced the state government's commitment to hand over 600 acres of land to the BSF within 45 days for border fencing along the Bangladesh border.
The West Bengal government, led by Chief Minister Suvendu Adhikari, authorized the transfer of approximately 600 acres of land to the Border Security Force (BSF). The project faces local resistance in the Basirhat area of North 24 Parganas district due to residents' refusal to relocate.
Prelims pointers (4)
Fact600 acres of land authorized for transfer to BSF for border fencing.
Fact45-day deadline set for the land handover by the West Bengal government.
PlaceBasirhat and North 24 Parganas district are the primary locations for the fencing project.
BodyBorder Security Force (BSF) is the agency responsible for the fence erection.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in implementing border infrastructure projects in India, focusing on the conflict between national security requirements and the rights of local residents.
Land acquisition friction: Balancing national security imperatives with the rehabilitation of local residents in border zones.
Inter-agency coordination: Streamlining land handover protocols between state governments and central security forces.
Security-Development trade-off: Addressing local resistance to infrastructure that impacts traditional livelihoods in border districts.
Keywords: Border Management · Land Acquisition · National Security · Internal Security · Infrastructure Development
Why in news: Kuki-Zo protestors and the Kuki Inpi Manipur (KIM) organized a 48-hour shutdown and submitted a memorandum to Union Home Minister Amit Shah demanding a NIA probe and security guarantees.
The Kuki Inpi Manipur (KIM) and the Committee on Tribal Unity demanded the release of hostages and justice for three church leaders killed in an ambush. The protest included demands for a National Investigation Agency (NIA) probe and the establishment of special security zones.
Prelims pointers (2)
FactKuki Inpi Manipur (KIM): An organization involved in the Kuki-Zo protest and shutdown.
PlaceManipur: The state where the Kuki-Zo protests and church leader killings occurred.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in maintaining internal security and communal harmony in Manipur amidst ethnic conflicts and demands for special security zones.
Institutional bottleneck: Delays in NIA probe initiation affecting public trust in central investigative agencies
Security-Civilian trade-off: Balancing the demand for special security zones with the constitutional right to freedom of movement
Ethnic polarization: Escalation of violence leading to demands for autonomous security guarantees over state-led policing
Keywords: Internal Security · Ethnic Conflict · Communal Harmony · NIA Probe · Special Security Zones
Why in news: The National Investigation Agency (NIA) arrested Iqbal Singh (Shera), a Hizb-ul-Mujahideen-linked 'narco-terrorist', following his extradition from Portugal for terror financing and heroin smuggling.
Iqbal Singh (Shera) was wanted for a non-bailable warrant issued in October 2020 and an Interpol Red Notice opened in June 2021. The NIA alleges he coordinated heroin smuggling from Pakistan into India and used 'hawala' networks to fund HM operatives.
Prelims pointers (4)
BodyNIA: National Investigation Agency is the primary counter-terrorism law enforcement agency in India.
FactIqbal Singh (Shera) fled to Portugal in 2020.
FactInterpol Red Notice was opened in June 2021 against Singh.
FactThe NIA alleges Singh used 'hawala' networks to channel proceeds to Hizb-ul-Mujahideen operatives.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the nexus between narcotics trafficking and terror financing in the context of cross-border security challenges facing India.
Narco-terrorism nexus: Synergy between drug cartels and militant groups to fund insurgent activities
Extradition hurdles: Legal and diplomatic complexities in securing fugitives from European jurisdictions
Hawala infrastructure: Challenges in tracking informal money transfer systems for terror funding
Why in news: The Supreme Court urged the Union government to ensure full implementation of the ASUMP scheme to fund CCTV installations in police stations following reports of non-functional cameras in Udaipur.
The Assistance to States and Union Territories for Modernisation of Police (ASUMP) scheme provides funds for CCTV cameras and centralized monitoring dashboards. The scheme has been extended until September 30, 2026.
Prelims pointers (3)
SchemeASUMP: Assistance to States and Union Territories for Modernisation of Police
FactASUMP scheme extension deadline: September 30, 2026
BodySupreme Court: Directed the Centre to consider state requests for CCTV funding
Mains angle
Q. Examine the role of the ASUMP scheme in modernizing police infrastructure and discuss the challenges in ensuring fiscal accountability at the state level.
Fiscal oversight: Risk of fund misappropriation due to lack of due diligence in state-level disbursements
Infrastructure gap: Disparity in technological adoption across states despite centralized funding availability
Why in news: Security forces recovered a Pakistani-originated arms consignment and conducted search operations following drone activity along the International Border (IB) in Jammu and Kashmir.
On January 9, 2026, an arms cache including two pistols, three magazines, 16 rounds, and a grenade was recovered in the Ghagwal area of Samba district, J&K. On March 10, 2026, the BSF and Police launched operations due to suspicious drone movements along the IB.
Prelims pointers (3)
PlaceGhagwal area is located in the Samba district of Jammu and Kashmir.
FactThe recovered arms consignment included two pistols, three magazines, 16 rounds, and a grenade.
FactThe arms consignment was identified as originating from Punjab, Pakistan.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the evolving challenges posed by drone technology in cross-border smuggling and its implications for India's border management strategies.
Technological asymmetry: Difficulty in detecting small, low-altitude drones for real-time interception
Intelligence gap: Need for integrated surveillance to counter non-traditional smuggling routes
Policy trade-off: Balancing high-tech surveillance costs with the need for physical border infrastructure
Why in news: The article highlights the advanced weaponry and network-centric warfare capabilities employed by Pakistan against India during the 2023 Marka-i-Haq conflict.
Pakistan utilized network-centric warfare for real-time data sharing to shoot down at least six Indian fighter jets. Key hardware included the Chengdu J-10C fighter jet, Fatah guided multiple launch rocket systems, and CM-400AKG supersonic anti-ship missiles.
Prelims pointers (4)
S&TChengdu J-10C: A fighter jet equipped with PL-15 air-to-air missiles.
S&TFatah: A guided multiple launch rocket system used for precision strikes.
S&TCM-400AKG: A supersonic anti-ship missile used against air defense systems.
FactAt least six Indian fighter jets were reported shot down during the 2023 Marka-i-Haq conflict.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the evolution of network-centric warfare and advanced missile technology is reshaping the dynamics of conventional and asymmetric warfare in South Asia.
Technological asymmetry: Impact of long-range air-to-air missiles like PL-15 on regional air superiority
Data-centric doctrine: Shift from platform-centric to network-centric real-time intelligence sharing
Anti-access/Area Denial (A2/AD): Use of supersonic missiles against advanced integrated air defense systems
Why in news: The Assam Rifles rescued a Manipur woman, Olina Ningshen, who was abducted by the Kuki National Army-Burma (KNA-B) and Village Volunteers Eastern Zone during an attack in Kamjong district.
The rescue took place south of Z. Choro village in the Kamjong district of Manipur. The abduction occurred during an attack on Tangkhul Naga villages by the KNA-B and Village Volunteers Eastern Zone.
Prelims pointers (2)
PlaceKamjong district: A district in the state of Manipur where the abduction and rescue occurred.
FactKNA-B: Kuki National Army-Burma, identified as the group involved in the abduction.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the security challenges posed by non-state actors and extremist groups along India's eastern borders and the role of paramilitary forces in counter-insurgency.
Cross-border insurgency: Complexity of monitoring non-state actors operating in porous border regions
Civil-military cooperation: Importance of local community involvement and civil society in intelligence and rescue operations
Why in news: The President of India authorized the Jammu and Kashmir Lieutenant Governor to exercise telecom control powers, including signal interception and service suspension, during public safety events or national emergencies.
The authorization was published in the gazette on May 7, 2026. The powers are derived from the Telecommunications Act, 2023, and specifically cover signal interception, service suspension, and message decryption.
Prelims pointers (3)
Act / BillTelecommunications Act, 2023: Provides the legal framework for telecom service regulation and emergency powers.
PostLieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir: Authorized to exercise telecom control during public safety events.
FactPowers include: interception of signals, suspension of service, and decryption of messages.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the balance between state security imperatives and individual privacy rights in the context of emergency telecom powers under the Telecommunications Act, 2023.
Privacy-Security Paradox: Balancing constitutional right to privacy against state's mandate to ensure public safety during emergencies.
Executive Overreach: Potential for arbitrary use of decryption powers without judicial oversight or specific time-bound mandates.
Technological Vulnerability: Risks of unauthorized access to encrypted data during large-scale signal interception operations.
Keywords: Public Safety · Signal Interception · Telecommunications Act 2023 · Executive Authority · National Emergency · Data Decryption
Why in news: Prime Minister Narendra Modi marked the first anniversary of Operation Sindoor, a military strike launched in response to a terror attack on civilians in Pahalgam, Pakistan.
Operation Sindoor was a military strike conducted by Indian forces. It was launched as a response to a terror attack on civilians in Pahalgam, Pakistan.
Prelims pointers (2)
FactOperation Sindoor: Military strike launched by India in response to Pahalgam terror attack
PlacePahalgam: Location of the terror attack in Pakistan
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the shift in India's counter-terrorism strategy from defensive measures to proactive military responses in the context of cross-border terrorism.
Strategic doctrine: Shift towards proactive 'pre-emptive' strikes to dismantle terror infrastructure
Diplomatic friction: Balancing military responses with international norms on state sovereignty
Intelligence-led operations: Integration of real-time surveillance with precision strike capabilities
Why in news: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reported a 6% decline in overall crime in India for 2024 despite a significant 17% surge in cybercrime cases.
The NCRB report for 2024 indicates that fraud is the most prevalent form of cybercrime, followed by sexual exploitation and extortion. The report also noted a rise in crimes against the state, frequently involving the Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act.
Prelims pointers (5)
BodyNCRB: National Crime Records Bureau is the primary agency for collecting and analyzing crime data in India
FactCybercrime cases in India surged by over 17% in 2024
FactOverall crime in India declined by 6% in 2024
FactFraud is the most frequent type of cybercrime reported by NCRB
Act / BillPrevention of Damage to Public Property Act is the most frequently cited law for crimes against the state
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the growing disparity between declining traditional crime rates and the rapid escalation of cyber-enabled fraud in India.
Jurisdictional complexity: Challenges in prosecuting cross-border cyber frauds under existing domestic legal frameworks
Digital divide vulnerability: Exploitation of low-digital-literacy populations by sophisticated cyber-fraud networks
Enforcement gap: Shortage of specialized cyber-crime cells and forensic infrastructure at the district level
Keywords: Cyber-resilience · Digital forensics · Crime statistics · Public property protection · Socio-economic vulnerability
Why in news: The Union Cabinet approved amendments to the Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act, 1971, to make insulting or obstructing the singing of 'Vande Mataram' a punishable offense.
The Union Cabinet approved amendments to the Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act, 1971. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) issued guidelines urging the use of all six stanzas of 'Vande Mataram' at official events.
Prelims pointers (3)
Act / BillPrevention of Insults To National Honour Act, 1971: Currently punishes prevention or disruption of the Indian National Anthem.
FactThe amendment broadens the scope of the 1971 Act to include 'Vande Mataram'.
BodyMinistry of Home Affairs (MHA): The body responsible for issuing guidelines on the use of national symbols.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of national symbols in fostering collective identity and the legal framework governing the protection of national honour in India.
Legal scope: Expansion of the 1971 Act to include specific national songs beyond the anthem.
Symbolic integrity: Balancing the protection of national icons with the constitutional right to freedom of expression.
Keywords: National Honour · Legislative Amendment · Collective Identity · Symbolic Protection · Public Order
Why in news: Lieutenant-Governor Manoj Sinha led a massive public rally in Srinagar to galvanize support against drug abuse and warn against narco-terror networks used for radicalization.
The rally took place on May 3, 2026, in Srinagar, covering a two-kilometre route from the Tourist Reception Centre (TRC) ground to Lal Chowk. It involved students performing skits and songs to raise awareness about substance abuse.
Prelims pointers (2)
PlaceLal Chowk is a prominent landmark in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
PostManoj Sinha serves as the Lieutenant-Governor of Jammu and Kashmir
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the nexus between narcotics trafficking and terrorism in border regions and suggest measures to dismantle narco-terror networks.
Security-Narcotics Nexus: Use of drug trafficking proceeds to fund radicalization and insurgent activities
Community Engagement: Leveraging public awareness and student participation to counter substance abuse
Intelligence Gap: Challenges in tracking cross-border narco-terror networks and anti-national elements
Why in news: Security forces destroyed 23 illegal bunkers and seized 18 IEDs in Manipur's Ukhrul and Tengnoupal districts following ongoing violence between Tangkhul Naga and Kuki communities.
Security forces conducted two separate operations in Manipur to dismantle illegal infrastructure. In Ukhrul district, a pump action gun and ammunition were seized, while a second operation in Tengnoupal district uncovered an IED cache and firearms.
Prelims pointers (3)
PlaceUkhrul and Tengnoupal are districts in the state of Manipur
FactSecurity forces destroyed 23 illegal bunkers and seized 18 IEDs
FactViolence between Tangkhul Naga and Kuki communities has caused casualties and property damage since February
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the security and socio-political challenges posed by inter-community violence in Manipur and suggest measures for effective conflict resolution.
Security-Development Gap: Difficulty in maintaining law and order while ensuring infrastructure development in conflict-prone zones
Why in news: The Union Ministry of Home Affairs and the Manipur government resumed talks with Kuki-Zo insurgent groups under a Suspension of Operations (SoO) pact following the restoration of the state government.
The dialogue took place on May 1, 2026, involving the Union Ministry of Home Affairs and the Manipur government. It was the first meeting involving the newly restored state government under Chief Minister Y. Khemchand Singh, which took office on February 4.
Prelims pointers (3)
BodyMinistry of Home Affairs (MHA) is the central body overseeing internal security and insurgent dialogues.
FactThe Manipur government was restored under Chief Minister Y. Khemchand Singh on February 4.
FactThe talks resumed after a gap of two months of dialogue suspension.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreements in managing internal insurgencies and the importance of state-center coordination in conflict resolution.
Institutional coordination: Balancing Union MHA oversight with state government's local administrative role
Conflict resolution: Evaluating SoO as a tool for stabilizing volatile regions and ensuring public safety
Keywords: Internal Security · Suspension of Operations · Conflict Resolution · Federal Coordination · Insurgency Management
Why in news: The Indian Navy received the Mahendragiri, the sixth Nilgiri-class frigate, highlighting India's progress toward self-reliance in naval construction.
The Mahendragiri is a Project 17A frigate built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited in Mumbai. It features a CODOG propulsion system and is designed for anti-surface, anti-air, and anti-submarine warfare.
Prelims pointers (4)
S&TProject 17A: The Indian Navy's project for Nilgiri-class frigates.
BodyMazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited:Theshipbuilder responsible for constructing the Mahendragiri frigate.
FactCODOG: Combined Diesel Or Gas (propulsion system) used in the Mahendragiri.
S&TWarship Design Bureau: The body responsible for the design of the Nilgiri-class frigate.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the 'Aatmanirbharta' initiative in the defense manufacturing sector and its implications for India's maritime security.
Strategic autonomy: Reducing reliance on foreign OEMs for high-tech naval propulsion and stealth systems
Industrial synergy: Integration of domestic shipyards with advanced Warship Design Bureau specifications
Why in news: The deployment of DevDroid's robot soldiers by Ukraine in the conflict against Russia highlights the rapid expansion of AI-powered autonomous systems in modern battlefield decision-making.
DevDroid is a Ukrainian defense company whose robot soldiers are being used for bomb disposal, reconnaissance, supply delivery, and evacuating wounded. The technology is expanding toward autonomous target identification and execution without human intervention.
Prelims pointers (3)
S&TDevDroid: A Ukrainian defense company developing robot soldiers for battlefield use
FactRobot functions include bomb disposal, reconnaissance, supply delivery, and medical evacuation
S&TAutonomous weapons systems: AI-powered systems capable of identifying targets and executing decisions without human intervention
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the ethical and security implications of integrating autonomous AI-powered weapons systems in modern warfare and the necessity of international regulatory frameworks.
Ethical dilemma: Risk of disproportionate civilian casualties and lack of human accountability in lethal autonomous decisions
Escalation risk: Potential for rapid, machine-speed military escalation bypassing traditional human-in-the-loop safeguards
Regulatory vacuum: Absence of binding international treaties governing the deployment of AI-driven battlefield decision-making
Keywords: Autonomous Weapons Systems · Human-in-the-loop · Proportionality · Algorithmic Warfare · International Regulation
Why in news: The Indian Border Security Force (BSF) is exploring the use of crocodiles and venomous snakes as a deterrent against undocumented migration along the Bangladesh border.
The BSF's directive aims to address challenging terrain where traditional fencing is difficult. The plan has faced criticism from human rights activists and wildlife conservationists due to the non-native status of these animals and potential ecological threats.
Prelims pointers (1)
FactThe proposed deterrents include crocodiles and venomous snakes.
Mains angle
Q. Critically analyze the ethical and ecological implications of using non-native apex predators as a border management strategy in sensitive ecological zones.
Ecological risk: Potential for invasive species to disrupt local biodiversity and indigenous wildlife habitats.
Human rights concerns: Use of fear-based tactics and inhumane measures against undocumented migrants.
Operational limitations: Difficulty of managing non-native predators in complex, high-density border terrains.
Keywords: border management · biosecurity · human rights · ecological impact · deterrence
Why in news: Union Home Secretary Govind Mohan reviewed the security situation in Manipur on April 27, 2026, to address ongoing unrest, killings, and new conflict zones between Kuki and Naga communities.
Approximately 36,000 security forces, including the Assam Rifles, have been deployed in Manipur since 2023. The review addressed the withdrawal of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) for West Bengal elections and disruptions by women's groups.
Prelims pointers (3)
PostGovind Mohan: Union Home Secretary
Fact36,000 security forces deployed in Manipur since 2023
BodyAssam Rifles: Included in the security forces deployed in Manipur
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the challenges in maintaining internal security in Manipur and discuss the role of Central Armed Police Forces in managing ethnic conflicts.
Resource strain: Balancing CAPF deployment between Manipur and West Bengal election security
Ethnic friction: Escalating conflict zones between Kuki and Naga communities
Civilian disruption: Managing blockades and protests by women's groups in conflict zones
Keywords: Internal Security · Ethnic Conflict · CAPF Deployment · Law and Order · Inter-state Security Coordination
Why in news: Ladakh Lieutenant-Governor Vinai Kumar Saxena announced that the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) will resume talks with the Leh Apex Body (LAB) and Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA) on May 22, 2026
The talks involve the Ministry of Home Affairs and civil society bodies representing Leh and Kargil. The resumption follows a stalemate caused by violence in Leh last year and precedes a visit by Union Home Minister Amit Shah.
Prelims pointers (3)
BodyMHA: Ministry of Home Affairs is the central body leading the talks with Ladakh civil society groups.
FactLAB and KDA: The Leh Apex Body and Kargil Democratic Alliance are the primary civil society bodies demanding Statehood.
PostVinai Kumar Saxena: The current Lieutenant-Governor of Ladakh.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the constitutional and administrative implications of granting Sixth Schedule status to Ladakh in the context of maintaining national security and regional autonomy.
Constitutional friction: Balancing the demand for Statehood with the Union Territory's strategic importance.
Security-Autonomy trade-off: Ensuring tribal self-governance while maintaining border integrity in a sensitive zone.
Institutional stalemate: Addressing the breakdown in dialogue between civil society and the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Why in news: Protesters organized by the Coordinating Committee on Manipur Integrity (COCOMI) clashed with security personnel in Imphal, Manipur, during a protest demanding arrests related to a bomb attack.
More than 20 people were injured in clashes in Imphal on April 25, 2026. The protest was organized by COCOMI, a conglomerate of Meitei civil society organizations, following a bomb attack on April 7 that killed two children.
Prelims pointers (4)
PlaceImphal: The capital city of Manipur where the clashes occurred.
FactCOCOMI: A conglomerate of Meitei civil society organizations involved in the protest.
PlaceKangla Fort: An iconic site in Manipur where a rally was held before the protest.
FactApril 7, 2026: Date of the bomb attack that killed two children and triggered the protest.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the challenges in maintaining internal security and communal harmony in Manipur amidst escalating civil unrest and ethnic tensions.
Institutional friction: Coordination gaps between paramilitary forces and local civil society during high-tension protests
Security-Civilian conflict: Use of armored vehicles against local barricades and its impact on public trust
Ethnic polarization: Escalation of violence between Meitei and Kuki groups complicating state-level security management
Keywords: Internal Security · Communal Harmony · Civil Unrest · Ethnic Conflict · Public Order
Why in news: The DGP of Andhra Pradesh announced the establishment of 13 special courts to fast-track approximately 7,000 pending narcotics-related cases.
DGP Harish Kumar Gupta announced the initiative to address a backlog of nearly 7,000 drug-related cases in Andhra Pradesh. The government plans to supply 10,000 drug testing kits to police in the first phase of the crackdown.
Prelims pointers (4)
FactAndhra Pradesh has nearly 7,000 drug-related cases pending in courts.
FactThe government will supply 10,000 drug testing kits to police in the first phase.
BodyEAGLE (Elite Anti-Narcotics Group for Law Enforcement) is the body spearheading the initiative.
PlaceThe initiative is specific to the state of Andhra Pradesh.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the institutional and logistical challenges in combating the narcotics trade in India and suggest measures to expedite judicial proceedings in such cases.
Judicial bottleneck: High pendency of narcotics cases delaying conviction rates and deterrence
Logistical gap: Requirement for widespread distribution of testing kits and specialized forensic training
Inter-agency coordination: Need for seamless data sharing between law enforcement and judicial bodies
Keywords: judicial pendency · narcotics enforcement · law enforcement · specialized courts · drug abuse
Why in news: The Centre appointed Karambir Singh Nalwa as Special Public Prosecutor to lead the trial for the Pahalgam terror attack
The Pahalgam terror attack on April 22, 2025, resulted in the deaths of 25 tourists and one local pony operator. The NIA chargesheet names Lashkar-e-Taiba and The Resistance Front (TRF) as the organizations responsible for the conspiracy traced to Pakistan.
Prelims pointers (4)
FactThe Pahalgam terror attack on April 22, 2025, resulted in 26 total fatalities.
BodyThe National Investigation Agency (NIA) filed the chargesheet against six individuals and two organizations.
FactLashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and The Resistance Front (TRF) are the two terrorist organizations named in the chargesheet.
PostKarambir Singh Nalwa was appointed as the Special Public Prosecutor for the trial.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges faced by Indian security agencies in dismantling cross-border terror networks and the legal mechanisms used to prosecute such cases.
Extradition hurdles: Legal complexities in bringing Pakistan-based accused like Hafeez Saeed to Indian jurisdiction
Intelligence gaps: Difficulty in preempting shadow outfits like TRF operating under primary terror organizations
Judicial process: Ensuring swift prosecution of terror cases while maintaining constitutional standards of evidence
Keywords: cross-border terrorism · NIA · Lashkar-e-Taiba · Special Public Prosecutor · counter-terrorism
Why in news: The Manipur State Government confirmed that over 58,800 people have been displaced due to ethnic violence since May 2023 following an RTI filed by Hareshwar Goshwami.
The Manipur Home Department Secretariat reported 58,821 displaced persons and 217 deaths/injuries recorded via ex-gratia payments to next of kin. The data covers the period from May 3, 2023, to March 30, 2026.
Prelims pointers (3)
Fact58,821 people displaced in Manipur due to ethnic violence since May 3, 2023
Fact217 deaths and injuries recorded as of March 30, 2026, based on ex-gratia payments
PlaceManipur: State experiencing significant internal displacement due to ethnic conflict
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in managing internal displacement caused by ethnic violence and the role of state mechanisms in ensuring the rights of displaced populations.
Institutional bottleneck: Delays in data reconciliation and ex-gratia distribution for victims
Security-Development nexus: Balancing immediate law and order with long-term rehabilitation of displaced communities
Keywords: Internal displacement · Ethnic violence · Right to Information · Ex-gratia payments · Human rights
Why in news: The NIA sought a 10-day remand extension for separatist leader Shabir Shah, chief of the banned Democratic Freedom Party, in a 1996 case involving a militant's funeral in Srinagar.
Shabir Shah, 72, is the chief of the banned Democratic Freedom Party. He was arrested in Delhi and sent to a special court in Jammu for a 10-day NIA remand regarding a 1996 case.
Prelims pointers (3)
PostShabir Shah: Chief of the banned Democratic Freedom Party
BodyNIA: National Investigation Agency, seeking remand for a 1996 militant-related case
FactThe case involves a militant killed in Srinagar in 1996
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges faced by central investigative agencies in prosecuting long-pending cases involving separatistmovements and the impact of judicial delays on counter-terrorism efforts.
Evidentiary hurdles: Difficulty in securing reliable testimony and physical evidence in three-decade-old cases
Legal friction: Balancing the 'revolving door' of bail decisions with the need for effective prosecution of insurgency-linked crimes
Why in news: The first edition of the biannual Naval Commanders’ Conference 2026 concluded in New Delhi, where the Union Home Secretary emphasized inter-agency coordination to bolster coastal security.
The conference concluded in New Delhi after four days of discussions on operational readiness and force development. It resulted in the release of the Indian Navy Maritime Security Strategy (INMSS-2026), which outlines India's maritime security priorities for the next decade.
Prelims pointers (3)
BodyNaval Commanders’ Conference: A biannual meeting focused on operational readiness and maritime security.
FactINMSS-2026: The Indian Navy Maritime Security Strategy outlining priorities for the coming decade.
PostGovind Mohan: Union Home Secretary who emphasized inter-agency coordination for coastal security.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of inter-agency coordination and technological integration in securing India's maritime borders against non-state actors and evolving geopolitical threats.
Inter-agency friction: Coordination gaps between the Navy and coastal security agencies
Technological asymmetry: Need for rapid adoption of emerging technologies against non-state actors
Why in news: The Supreme Court expressed shock at the impunity of illegal sand miners in the Chambal sanctuary zone, which led to the death of a forest guard and damage to bridge foundations.
The Supreme Court criticized the Madhya Pradesh government for failing to control or being complicit in illegal mining activities in the Chambal sanctuary zone. The court suggested the installation of high-resolution CCTV cameras and GPS systems to monitor and curb illegal mining.
Prelims pointers (3)
PlaceChambal sanctuary zone is located in Madhya Pradesh
FactIllegal mining activities resulted in the death of a forest guard and damage to bridge foundations
S&THigh-resolution CCTV cameras and GPS systems were proposed by the Supreme Court as monitoring tools
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the institutional and regulatory challenges in curbing illegal mining in ecologically sensitive zones and suggest measures to ensure environmental and public safety.
Regulatory oversight: Failure of state machinery to prevent illegal extraction in protected sanctuary zones
Infrastructure risk: Structural damage to public assets like bridges due to unregulated sand mining
Technological intervention: Potential of GPS and high-resolution CCTV for real-time monitoring of remote mining sites
Why in news: The Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) carried out the first-ever attack on a Pakistan Coast Guard patrol boat near the Iran border in Jiwani.
The attack occurred near Jiwani, a coastal area near the Iran border in Balochistan. Three Pakistan Coast Guard personnel were killed in the opening of fire by BLA fighters.
Prelims pointers (3)
FactBLA: Balochistan Liberation Army, a militant group active in Pakistan's Balochistan province.
PlaceJiwani: A coastal location in Balochistan near the border with Iran.
FactThe incident marks the first-ever maritime security vessel attack by the BLA.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the security implications of escalating maritime militancy in the Balochistan region and its impact on regional maritime stability.
Maritime security gap: Lack of coastal surveillance infrastructure in remote border zones
Insurgency evolution: Shift from land-based sabotage to maritime targets in Balochistan
Regional spillover: Potential for militant activity to affect Iran-Pakistan maritime corridors
Why in news: Jammu and Kashmir Police busted an inter-state terror module linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) following the suspected escape of a Pakistani terrorist from Rajasthan.
J&K Police arrested five individuals across Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Srinagar. The operation involved the recovery of weapons and ammunition and an investigation into how a Pakistani terrorist obtained a passport.
Prelims pointers (3)
FactLashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) is the terror organization linked to the busted module.
PlaceThe inter-state module operated across Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Srinagar.
FactFive individuals, including two Pakistani terrorists, were apprehended during the raids.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in dismantling inter-state terror modules and the implications of cross-border infiltration on internal security in Jammu and Kashmir.
Intelligence gap: Difficulty in tracking clandestine support networks across multiple state jurisdictions
Document fraud: Vulnerabilities in passport issuance systems exploited by foreign nationals
Inter-state coordination: Need for seamless real-time data sharing between state police forces
Why in news: The NIA visited Malda, West Bengal, to investigate the gherao of seven judicial officers by locals protesting name deletions in the Special Identification Register (SIR) exercise.
The NIA investigation was initiated following a gherao of judicial officers in Malda on April 2, 2026. The probe was directed by the Election Commission and the Supreme Court after the court censured the West Bengal administration's handling of the incident.
Prelims pointers (3)
BodyNIA: National Investigation Agency, a federal agency in India
PlaceMalda: District in West Bengal where the incident occurred
FactSeven judicial officers were gheraoed by protesting locals
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in maintaining the independence of the judiciary and the security of judicial officers during sensitive electoral administrative processes.
Institutional friction: Conflict between administrative electoral mandates and judicial autonomy
Security gap: Inadequate protection protocols for judicial officers during public-facing administrative exercises
Federal oversight: Role of the NIA and Supreme Court in intervening in state-level administrative lapses
Keywords: Judicial Independence · Federal Intervention · Administrative Integrity · Public Order · Electoral Process
Why in news: Andhra Pradesh West Zone police arrested 12 individuals and an alleged Pakistani handler, Al-Hakim-Sukoor, for planning 'Jihadi activities' and attempting to establish a Caliphate in India.
The West Zone police of Vijayawada Commissionerate arrested 12 suspects linked to ISIS and AQIS. The investigation involves the CI Cell and other agencies to probe online communications and recruitment plans involving an alleged handler from Pakistan.
Prelims pointers (4)
Fact12 individuals were arrested by the West Zone police of Vijayawada Commissionerate.
PostAl-Hakim-Sukoor is identified as an alleged handler from Pakistan.
FactSuspects were allegedly linked to ISIS and AQIS (Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent).
PlaceThe arrests took place in Andhra Pradesh.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in neutralizing radicalization and recruitment by transnational terror groups like ISIS and AQIS in India.
Digital radicalization: Difficulty in monitoring encrypted online communications and ideological spread
Transnational nexus: Complexity of tracking handlers and weapon supplies across international borders
Intelligence coordination: Need for seamless data sharing between state police and central CI Cell
Why in news: The United Naga Council (UNC) urged Prime Minister Narendra Modi to address illegal immigration in Manipur, alleging a lack of action compared to the focus on Assam.
The United Naga Council (UNC) represents Naga communities in Manipur. The group demanded the immediate deportation of illegal immigrants and a mechanism to prevent future influxes to protect demographic balance and indigenous rights.
Prelims pointers (3)
PostNarendra Modi: Prime Minister of India
FactUnited Naga Council (UNC): Represents Naga communities in Manipur
PlaceManipur: Northeastern state of India
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in managing illegal migration along India's borders and its impact on the demographic and cultural integrity of Northeast India.
Demographic shift: Impact of rapid population changes on indigenous land rights and cultural identity
Enforcement gap: Difficulty in monitoring porous borders and identifying illegal residents in remote hilly terrains
Policy disparity: Perceived uneven application of deportation and border security measures across different Northeastern states
Why in news: The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) revised the classification of 38 left-wing extremism (LWE) affected districts to reflect shifts in violence severity and improve resource allocation.
The MHA replaced the 'most affected' label with three new categories: 'LWE affected', 'districts of concern', and 'legacy and thrust districts'. The total number of LWE districts remains unchanged at 38.
Prelims pointers (2)
FactTotal number of LWE affected districts in India: 38
FactNew LWE district classifications: LWE affected, districts of concern, legacy and thrust districts
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the re-categorization of LWE-affected districts facilitates targeted security interventions and development-led counter-insurgency strategies in India.
Resource optimization: Targeted allocation of security forces and development funds based on specific threat intensity
Developmental shift: Transition from kinetic operations to 'legacy' management in areas with declining violence
Inter-state coordination: Challenges in synchronizing MHA classifications with state police operational priorities
Why in news: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh commissioned the INS Aridhaman (S4), India's third Arihant-class nuclear-powered submarine, at Visakhapatnam.
The INS Aridhaman (S4) is a nuclear-powered submarine capable of carrying up to 24 K-15 Sagarika missiles or other nuclear-tipped missiles. The project, which began in 2009 as the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project, was executed by the Ship Building Centre (SBC) in Visakhapatnam.
Prelims pointers (5)
FactINS Aridhaman (S4) is the third submarine of the Arihant-class SSBNs.
S&TThe submarine is capable of carrying up to 24 K-15 Sagarika missiles.
PlaceThe commissioning took place at Visakhapatnam.
BodyThe Ship Building Centre (SBC) in Visakhapatnam executed the project.
FactThe project originated as the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project in 2009.
Mains angle
Q. Examine how the expansion of India's nuclear triad through indigenous submarine construction enhances India's maritime security and strategic autonomy in the Indian Ocean Region.
Strategic deterrence: Strengthening the second leg of the nuclear triad via indigenous SSBN capabilities
Indigenization of defense: Transition from the ATV project to domestic production of high-tech naval assets
Why in news: The Uttarakhand Police was awarded the President's Police Colours, the highest national award for a state police force, for its excellence in disaster management and public order.
The award was presented to DGP Deepam Seth by CM Pushkar Singh Dhami. The recognition highlights the force's role in the 2013 Kedarnath tragedy and management of the Maha Kumbh, Char Dham Yatra, and Kanwar Yatra.
Prelims pointers (3)
PostDeepam Seth: Director General of Police (DGP) of Uttarakhand
FactPresident's Police Colours: The highest national award for a state police force
PlaceKedarnath: Site of the 2013 tragedy cited for disaster management recognition
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the evolving role of state police forces in disaster management and large-scale public order maintenance in ecologically sensitive zones.
Logistical complexity: Managing massive pilgrim influxes in high-altitude, disaster-prone terrains
Inter-agency coordination: Synergy between state police, NDRF, and local administration during calamities
Keywords: Disaster Management · Public Order · State Policing · Crisis Response · Institutional Recognition