India-U.S. and Quad frameworks on critical minerals take shape amid Chinese curbs

India and the United States finalized a framework agreement on critical minerals during the 11th Quad Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, aiming to deepen cooperation across mining, processing, recycling, and related investments. This follows growing concerns over China's export controls on rare earth minerals and strategic metals. The agreement, built upon continued engagements between the two countries, seeks to mobilize around $20 billion in support for stable supply chains and strengthen resilient and diversified supply chains within Quad partner countries, including Australia, Japan, and the United States. The initiatives are expected to address global shortages of critical metals exacerbated by China's export controls.